Modern technology enhancements have been used worldwide to fulfill the requirements of the industrial sector, especially in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems as a part of industrial control systems (ICS). SCADA systems have gained popularity in industrial automations due to technology enhancements and connectivity with modern computer networks and/or protocols. The procurement of new technologies has made SCADA systems important and helpful to processing in oil lines, water treatment plants, and electricity generation and control stations. On the other hand, these systems have vulnerabilities like other traditional computer networks (or systems), especially when interconnected with open platforms. Many international organizations and researchers have proposed and deployed solutions for SCADA security enhancement, but most of these have been based on node-to-node security, without emphasizing critical sessions that are linked directly with industrial processing and automation. This study concerns SCADA security measures related to critical processing with specified sessions of automated polling, analyzing cryptography mechanisms and deploying the appropriate explicit inclusive security solution in a distributed network protocol version 3 (DNP3) stack, as part of a SCADA system. The bytes flow through the DNP3 stack with security
OPEN ACCESSSymmetry 2015, 7 1946 computational bytes within specified critical intervals defined for polling. We took critical processing knowledge into account when designing a SCADA/DNP3 testbed and deploying a cryptography solution that did not affect communications.
The effect of rare earth element neodymium (Nd) addition on the microstructure and martensitic transformation behavior of Ni[Formula: see text]Ti[Formula: see text]Nd[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 at.%) shape memory alloy was investigated by scanning electronic microscope, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the microstructure of Ni–Ti–Nd ternary alloy consists of NiNd phase, NiTi2 and the NiTi matrix. A one-step martensitic transformation is observed in the alloys. The martensitic transformation temperature Ms increases sharply increasing 0.1–0.7 at.% Nd content is added.
The research described in this paper implements a U.S. Department of Defense protocol entitled contractor integrated technical information service (CITIS) in a construction industry application to provide an electronic communication environment for sharing construction information among project participants. CITIS is a contractor-developed service that provides electronic access to and (or) delivery of contractual data to users. For the implementation of the CITIS concept in the construction industry, this research performs process and data modeling on a road construction project, then implements and tests a prototype. This article also introduces an overall procedure to implement the concept of CITIS in construction and identifies some challenges such as the limitations in performing process modeling in the public sector, specifically public road construction projects, the lessons learned, and suggestions in overcoming these difficulties.Key words: construction management, continuous acquisition and life cycle support, contractor integrated technical information service.
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