The susceptibility of cancer cells to different types of treatments can be restricted by intrinsic and acquired therapeutic resistance, leading to the failure of cancer regression and remission. To overcome this problem, a combination therapy has been proposed as a fundamental strategy to improve therapeutic responses; however, resistance is still unavoidable. MicroRNA (miRNAs) are associated with cancer therapeutic resistance. The modulation of dysregulated miRNA levels through miRNA-based therapy comprising a replacement or inhibition approach has been proposed to sensitize cancer cells to other anti-cancer therapies. The combination of miRNA-based therapy with other anti-cancer therapies (miRNA-based combinatorial cancer therapy) is attractive, due to the ability of miRNAs to target multiple genes associated with the signaling pathways controlling therapeutic resistance. In this article, we present an overview of recent findings on the role of therapeutic resistance-related miRNAs in different types of cancer. We review the feasibility of utilizing dysregulated miRNAs in cancer cells and extracellular vesicles as potential candidates for miRNA-based combinatorial cancer therapy. We also discuss innate properties of miRNAs that need to be considered for more effective combinatorial cancer therapy.Cells 2020, 9, 29 2 of 32 to confer the ability to acquire CSC properties onto cancer cells, thereby contributing to therapeutic resistance [7]. Moreover, cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles among different types of cells within the cancer microenvironment could affect the efficacy of cancer therapies by delivering miRNAs that regulate various signaling pathways connected to therapeutic resistance [8,9].Combination therapies have been proposed to overcome therapeutic resistance via the combined inhibition of different mechanisms. For example, the combination of cobimetinib and pictilisib was reported to be beneficial for the treatment of colorectal cancer cells. However, resistance is unavoidable even after the combination treatment [10]. Similarly, the simultaneous inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and a mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) was reported to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a pro-survival factor, in acute myeloid leukemia [11]. Therefore, it is still necessary to explore new combination strategies to defeat therapeutic resistance. An improved understanding of the cellular basis of cancer therapeutic resistance can further provide promising opportunities to design and develop novel cancer treatment strategies to manage cancers.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are widely recognized, small, regulatory RNAs modulating numerous intracellular signaling pathways in several diseases, including cancers. Based on the expression levels and intracellular functions of miRNAs, they could act as tumor-suppressive or oncogenic factors in cancer cells [12][13][14]. The abnormal expression of miRNAs is associated with therapeutic resistance in cancer, and the modulation of m...

Summary Epidemiological and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown high correlation between childhood obesity and advance in puberty. Early age at menarche is associated with a series of morbidities, including breast cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. The adipocyte hormone leptin signals the amount of fat stores to the neuroendocrine reproductive axis via direct actions in the brain. Using mouse genetics, we and others have identified the hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus (PMv) and the agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) as primary targets of leptin action in pubertal maturation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin's effects remain unknown. Here we assessed changes in the PMv and Arc transcriptional program during leptin-stimulated and typical pubertal development using overlapping analysis of bulk RNA sequecing, TRAP sequencing, and the published database. Our findings demonstrate that dynamic somatodendritic remodeling and extracellular space organization underlie leptin-induced and typical pubertal maturation in female mice.

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