A simple method for generating single-spike hard x-ray pulses in free-electron lasers (FELs) has been developed at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). This is realized by nonlinear bunch compression using 20-pC bunch charge, demonstrated in the hard x-ray regime at 5.6 and 9 keV, respectively. Measurements show about half of the FEL shots containing a single-spike spectrum. At 5.6-keV photon energy, the single-spike shots have a mean pulse energy of about 10  μJ with 70% intensity fluctuation and the pulse full width at half maximum is evaluated to be at 200-as level.

Inhibitory signals that govern the cytolytic functions of CD8 + + + + T lymphocytes have been linked to the expression of natural killer cell receptors (NKRs) on CTLs. There is limited knowledge about the induction of inhibitory NKR (iNKR) expression in vivo. Up-regulation of iNKRs has been linked to the modulation of the virus-and/ / /or tumor-specific immune responses in animal models. In the present study, we directly examined the expression of various NKRs on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) derived from human cervical cancer. We found that in human cervical cancer, the percentage expression of immunoglobulin-like NKR

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We have previously demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (VEGF) , a tumor-secreted angiogenic factor, can acutely and chronically induce fenestrations in microvascular endothelium (Cancer Res 1997 , 57:765-772). Because the morphology and function of microvascular endothelium differs from tissue to tissue , we undertook studies to examine whether the neovasculature in tumors also differed depending upon tumor location. Four tumor types implanted in the brain or subcutis in nude mice were studied: a murine rhabdomyosarcoma (M1S) , a murine mammary carcinoma (EMT) , and two human glioblastomas (U87 and U251). In addition , we studied Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with human VEGF 165