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Objective: TTF-1 is widely used as an immunohistochemical marker of lung and thyroid tumors. However, TTF-1 expression has been described in tumors from other sites. The presence of TTF-1 expression in primary brain tumors is largely unclear and has not been clearly specified yet. We characterized expression of two TTF-1 clones in primary brain tumors with relevance to tumor types and grades. Material and Method:We studied immunohistochemistry with tissue micro-array, using both clones (8G7G3/1 and SPT24) in 45 primary brain tumors of different types and grades. Our cases consisted of 1 grade I, 7 grade II, 4 grade III, 20 grade IV astrocytic tumors; 9 meningiomas, 2 oligodendrogliomas, 1 schwannoma and 1 medulloblastoma. Results:We have found TTF-1 nuclear staining using the SPT24 clone in 4 cases (3 cases were grade IV and 1 was grade III). Focal and weak staining was seen in three cases and moderate-strong and diffuse staining was seen in one case. All the tumors were negative with clone 8G7G3/1. Clone SPT24 was more sensitive but less specific. Conclusion:TTF-1 can also be expressed in primary brain tumors, particularly grade III to IV tumors. TTF-1 expression was a rare finding in previous studies, however strong and diffuse staining was not observed until today. We think that TTF-1 nuclear expression in high-grade astrocytic tumors cannot rule out primaries even when diffuse and strong staining. Clinical and pathological parameters should be evaluated together.

Background Prostate cancer can be detected incidentally in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Therefore, it is very important that the transurethral resection of the prostate specimen is evaluated carefully for accurate grading and staging. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of incidental prostate cancer and its relationship with clinicopathological findings. Methods The study included a total of 900 patients, who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment between June 2010 and June 2020. Patient age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and resected prostate weight were assessed, and the tumor stage, Gleason grade group, lymphovascular and perineural invasion status were also evaluated in the incidental prostate cancer group. The association between these parameters and prostate cancer detection was analyzed. Results Incidental detection of prostate cancer was determined at the rate of 13.3%. The incidental prostate cancer group had a significantly higher mean age and PSA levels compared to the benign prostatic hyperplasia group. The weight of the resected specimen had no impact on the incidence of incidental prostate cancer. Of the total 120 incidental prostate cancer cases, 59 (49.2%) were stage T1a and 61 (50.8%) were stage T1b. No significant difference was determined between the T1 stages and age distribution, but a statistically significant difference was determined in the other clinicopathological parameters. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated that the incidence of incidental prostate cancer detection was related to age and PSA levels and increased, especially in those aged ≥ 60 years and/or PSA level ≥ 4 ng/mL. To avoid overlooking incidental prostate cancer in these patients, it can be recommended that material is sufficiently sampled and carefully evaluated, and when necessary, all resected specimens are examined. Although no significant correlation was determined between specimen weight and the incidence of incidental prostate cancer, as a significant difference was determined in T1 stages, this suggests that the amount of material evaluated could change the sub-stage.

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Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare epithelial malignancy arising from secretory glands, particularly the salivary glands. It tends to invade nerves and has a high potential for distant hematogenous metastasis, especially to the lungs, bone, liver and brain. The breast and hypophysis are not common sites of ACC metastatic disease. Herein, we report a case of ACC of the head and neck region with two unusual sites of metastases, the hypophysis and breast. Keywords: PET/CT, adenoid cystic carcinoma, breast, hypophysis, metastasis ÖzAdenoid kistik karsinom (AKK), sekretuar glandlardan özellikle de tükrük bezlerinden köken alan nadir bir epitelyal tümördür. Sinir invazyonu sıktır ve özellikle akciğer, kemik, karaciğer ve beyin gibi organlara uzak hematojen metastaz yapma potansiyeli yüksektir. Ancak, meme ve hipofiz AKK için tipik metastaz alanları değildir. Bu çalışmada, hipofiz ve meme gibi iki olağan dışı alana metastazı olan baş-boyun AKK olgusunu sunmaktayız. Anahtar kelimeler: PET/BT, adenoid kistik karsinom, meme, hipofiz, metastaz

The protective effect of boric acid on liver ischemia reperfusion injury in cholestatic rats Abstract Background/aim: To evaluate the potential protective effects of Boric Acid (BA) in experimental cholestatic liver ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury model. Materials and methods:The study included 24 female rats which were divided into 3 groups each containing 8 rats. The control group (Group 1) only received laparotomy.In the IR group (Group 2) biliary tract ligation was applied and 1 week later 45 minutes ischemia and 1 hour reperfusion with relaparotomy without any treatment was implemented. In the treatment BA+IR group (Group 3). 1 week after the biliary ligation intraperitoneal administration of 200 mg/kg BA was given 10 minutes before the ischemia for 45 minutes and reperfusion for 1 hour with relaparotomy. Liver tissue and blood samples were taken for histopathological and biochemical examination. Ischemia modified albumin (IMA), SCUBE1, total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were also examined.Results: Compared to control, groups IR and BA+IR had higher serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total and direct bilirubin levels. Albumin value was high in the control group and low in the other groups. In terms of IMA levels there was no significant difference between groups (p>0.05). When SCUBE-1 levels were examined groups IR and BA+IR were significantly higher than the group 1. TAS was highest in the group BA+IR whereas TOS was highest in the group IR and lower in the group BA+IR. In histopathological analysis, loss of intercellular border loss in hepatocytes, diffuse nuclear pycnosis and mild to moderate neutrophilic cell infiltration 2 were observed in the IR group. Statisticaly significant dissociation, hemorrhage and severe neutrophilic cell infiltration were seen in hepatocytes of rats with IR (p<0.05). Conclusion:BA has promising results in the treatment of experimental IR injury of the cholestatic liver because of its antioxidant effects. It may be used in clinical practice after more extensive studies about the effects of BA on IR injury of the cholestatic liver.

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