We study the Joule-Thomson expansion of the regular black hole in an anti-de Sitter background, and obtain the inversion temperature for the Bardeen-AdS black hole in the extended phase space. We investigate the isenthalpic and inversion curves for the Bardeen-AdS black hole in the T-P plane and find that the intersection points between them are exactly the inversion points discriminating the heating from the cooling process. The inversion curve for the regular(Bardeen)-AdS black hole is not closed and there is only a lower inversion curve, in contrast to the Van der Waals fluid. Most importantly, we find that the ratio between the minimum inversion temperature and the critical temperature for the regular(Bardeen)-AdS black hole is 0.536622, which is larger than any known ratio for the singular black hole. The large ratio for the Bardeen-AdS black hole may be due to the repulsive de Sitter core near the origin of the regular black hole.

No abstract

Considering a charged black hole (BH) surrounded by a perfect fluid radiation field (PFRF) in Rastall gravity, we investigate this BH shadow and photon sphere on different spherical accretions backgrounds. The effect of the PFRF parameter/BH charge on the critical impact parameter is studied by investigating the light deflection near this BH. The luminosity of these BH shadows in different spherical accretions is obtained, respectively. It is found that the shadow of this BH with infalling spherical accretion is darker than static spherical accretion, and the photon sphere with infalling spherical accretion is brighter than a static one. We creatively investigate the effects of the BH charge/PFRF parameter on the luminosity of BH shadow and photon sphere. The results implying that the BH shadow is a signature of space-time geometry, and the photon sphere luminosity is affected by accretion materials and BH itself.

Taking the quantum electrodynamics (QED) effect into account, we investigate the geometrical-optics appearance of the Euler–Heisenberg (EH) black hole (BH) under the different accretion flows context, which depends on the BH space-time structure and different sources of light. The more significant magnetic charge leads to the smaller shadow radius for the EH BH, while the different values of the EH parameter do not ruin it. Different features of the corresponding two-dimensional shadow images are derived for the three optically thin accretion flow models. It is shown that the total observed intensity in the static spherical accretion flow scenario leads than that of the infalling spherical accretion flow under same parameters, but the size and position of the EH BH shadows do not change in both of these accretions flows, implying that the BH shadow size depends on the geometric space-time and the shadows luminosities rely on the accretion flow morphology. Of particular interest is that a thin disk accretion model illuminated the BH, we found that the contribution of the lensing ring to the total observed flux is less than $$5\%$$ 5 % , and the photon ring is less than $$2\%$$ 2 % , indicating that the direct emission dominates the optical appearance of the EH BH. It is also believed that the optical appearance of the BH image depends on the accretion disk radiation position in this scenario, which can serve as a probe for the disk structure around the active galactic nucleus (AGN) of M87$$^{*}$$ ∗ like.

In this paper, by exploring the photon motion in the region near the Bardeen black hole, the shadow and observation properties of the black hole surrounded by various accretion models are studied. We analyzed the changes in shadow imaging and observation luminosity when the relevant physical parameters are changed. For the different spherical accretions background, one can find that the radius of shadow and the position of photon sphere do not change, but the observation intensity of shadow in the infalling accretion model is significantly lower than that of the static case. When the black hole is surrounded by an optically and thin disk accretion, the contribution of the photon rings, lensing rings and direct emission to the total observed flux has also been studied. Under the different forms of the emission modes, the result shows that the observed brightness is mainly determined by direct emission, while the lensing rings will provide a small part of the observation flux and the photon ring can provide a negligible observation flux. By comparing our results with the Schwarzschild spacetime, it is found that the existence or change of relevant status parameters will greatly affect the shape and observation intensity of black hole shadow. These results support that the change of state parameter will affect the spacetime structure, thus affecting the observation feature of black hole shadows. Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd.