Human capital, being one of the important factors affecting economic growth, has gained more importance especially since the beginning of the 1990s and the interest in this field has increased in economic growth studies. The increase in human capital accumulation contributes to the economic growth. Today, technological developments and R&D activities play an effective role in ensuring sustainable economic growth. Although the existence of a negative relationship between economic growth and unemployment is generally accepted in the economic theory, it is still a controversial issue because unemployment is a multidimensional problem. In this study, the relationship between economic growth and health expenditures, R&D expenditures, and unemployment in Turkey was investigated by using time series analysis for the period of 1990-2020. Johansen co-integration analysis results revealed that there is a long-run relationship between economic growth and health expenditures, R&D expenditures and unemployment in Turkey. The results of the study reveal that a positive change in the levels of health and R&D expenditures in Turkey has a positive contribution to economic growth, while there is a negative relationship between the level of unemployment and economic growth.
Income inequality is among the most important issues that await solutions in both academic writing and economic debates. Income inequality is associated with many factors such as growth, inflation, unemployment, education, and productivity. In studies examining the relationship between income distribution and economic growth, the findings give different results due to the method, data set and periodical differences. Unemployment is one of the most important factors affecting income inequality. Unemployment leads to deterioration in the balance of production and consumption and a decrease in investments, which deepens poverty and income inequality. In this empirical study, the effects of economic growth and unemployment rate on income inequality were investigated using a panel data set consisting of BRICS-T countries for the period of 2002-2018. The findings of the study revealed that increases in economic growth and unemployment rates in BRICS-T countries during the research period increase income inequality. The findings of this study provide empirical evidence for the implementation of economic and social policies in middle-income countries. Ensuring economic success requires policies focused on reducing income inequality through income redistribution, as well as policies aimed at increasing employment.
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