Dalam artikel ini penulis berusaha menjawab pertanyaan penelitian, benarkah agama telah mendorong kelompok-kelompok teroris untuk melancarkan aksi-aksi teror mereka? Untuk menjawabnya, penulis akan menggunakan pemikiran seorang pakar perbandingan agama yang pernah bertugas di wilayah-wilayah konflik di Timur Tengah, yaitu Charles Kimball, yang tertuang dalam bukunya “When Religion Becomes Evil”. Kimball menggunakan pendekatan sejarah, budaya, dan politik dalam menelusuri kaitan antara agama dan aksi kekerasan. Ia pun mengindentikasi lima tanda yang perlu diwaspadai, yaitu tanda-tanda ketika pemahaman agama telah melenceng sehingga akan membawa bencana. Kelima tanda itu adalah klaim kebenaran mutlak, kepatuhan buta, membangun zaman ideal, tujuan menghalalkan segala cara, dan menyerukan ‘perang suci’. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah bahwa para pelaku teroris pada dasarnya hanya menggunakan agama sebagai alat pembenaran bagi tindakan mereka.
<p class="06IsiAbstrak">This research discusses Syeikh Siti Jenar as a study of figures which shows the transition of tasawuf discourse in Indonesia from the modern to the postmodern. This research will contain a sub-discussion of a brief description of the study of Sufism in the West and Indonesia, a brief overview of Indonesian Islamic discourse from the period prior to independence, after independence and reformation, Sheikh Siti Jenar in earlier work and in present work and the last transition of Sufism discourse in case Sheikh Siti Jenar. From the sub-discussion will show the global discourse of the study of Sufism from the West greatly affect the study of tasawuf in Indonesia both in terms of approaches and methods used.</p>
Darwin's theory of evolution continues to be a source of contention for academics concerned with the main issues of Islam and science in the twentieth century. As such, this research seeks to elicit perspectives from Islamic scholarly figures such as Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Zaghloul Al-Najjar, and Nidhal Guessoum. The three figures have varying perspectives on Darwin's theory of evolution. This divergent interpretation of Darwin's theory of evolution demonstrates that the debate on Islam and science did not totally result in the merger of the two, as all Muslim scholars agreed. This research employs Michel Foucault's archaeology and genealogy theories to examine the growth of Darwin's theory of evolution in the Islamic world, as symbolized by the three thinking figures. The findings indicated that Nasr expressly rejected Darwin's theory of evolution, which had been subjected to scientific and philosophical scrutiny. Al-Najjar says that the attitude of rejection and general acceptance of evolution theory is incorrect. By contrast, Guessoum views Darwin's theory of evolution as a factual truth that must be understood through the lens of Islam in order to generate theistic conceptions of evolution.
An paradigm of science, since the beginning of the formation of scientific formulation, it has always undergone a change, as well as Thomas Kuhn's scientific revolution theory. The paradigm is always tested with new theories until finally the obsolete paradigm is no longer used or is still partially used. At first the mechanistic paradigm introduced by Isaac Newton has long been a basic reference. But then, this paradigm is tested by the many problems of science, especially physics that no longer cannot be solved with this paradigm. The paradigm problem is a long search process because the paradigm not only regulates the workings of science in the laboratory, but also determines the results that have a significant impact on humans. The process of finding new paradigm is being pursued by two figures to be discussed, Fritjhof Capra and Yuval Noah Harari. Both give more attention to the paradigm of modern science that is unable to answer new challenges. Capra provides a new paradigm solution which he calls a holistic paradigm that seeks to see reality as an integration with a series of inseparable life networks. Whereas Harari, through his two best-selling books, Homo Sapiens and Homo Deus, revealed the latest theories and discoveries in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology to art, from his description he produced a synthesis of paradigm changes in reformulating knowledge which has positive implications for human survival. The method that will be used is the comparative method, thus the thinking of both of them will be abstracted in their similarities and differences of thought. The purpose of this research is to explore the latest science paradigm process proposed by the two figures, Capra and Harari.
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