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Probiotics have been successfully used for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children and this effect depends on the strains and dose. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a synbiotic mixture on the duration of diarrhea and the length of hospital stay in children with acute watery diarrhea. This is a prospective randomized, multicenter single blinded clinical trial in hospitalized children with acute watery diarrhea. All children were treated with conventional hydration therapy with or without a daily dose of a synbiotic (2.5 × 10(9) CFU live bacteria including Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium, and 625 mg fructooligosaccharide) for 5 days. The primary endpoint was duration of diarrhea and duration of hospitalization was the secondary endpoint. Among 209 eligible children, 113 received the synbiotic mixture and 96 served as a control. The duration of diarrhea was significantly shorter (∼36 h) in children receiving the synbiotic group than the controls (77.9 ± 30.5 vs. 114.6 ± 37.4 h, p < 0.0001). The duration of hospitalization was shorter in children receiving the synbiotic group (4.94 ± 1.7 vs. 5.77 ± 1.97 days, p = 0.002). The effect of synbiotic mixture on diarrhea started after 24th hours and stool frequency significantly decreased after 24th and 48th hours. The percentage of diarrhea-free children is significantly higher in synbiotic group at 48th and 72nd hours of synbiotic group. In conclusion, this study showed a reduction in diarrhea duration by approximately 36 h and a reduction in the duration of hospitalization with approximately 1 day in children with acute diarrhea with this synbiotic mixture.

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Objectives: World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for first six months. The aim of this study was to evaluate the duration of breast-feeding, time of starting complementary foods, growth and development of infants aged 0-36 months and the factors affected them. Materials and methods: The anthropometric measures of infants performed. The data were obtained through a questionnaire and face to face interviews.

Transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) is a group of thalassemia syndromes that require regular blood transfusions for survival. It is unknown whether the sense of smell of patients with TDT is affected, and if so, whether smell loss has an adverse effect on quality of life (QOL). Olfactory thresholds were measured using Snap & Sniff wands. QOL was assessed via the Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Forty-two TDT patients from the Thalassemia Center in Istanbul Medical Faculty were tested (mean age 26.6 years), along with 42 healthy controls (mean age 28.0 years). Mean olfactory sensitivity was lower in the TDT patients than the controls (p < 0.0001). TDT was associated with lower mean QOL scores on the domains of physical function (p < 0.0001), physical role limitation (p = 0.011), and general health (p < 0.0001). Within the TDT group, significant correlations were present between the threshold scores and physical function, physical role limitation, emotional role limitation, and general health. Patients with TDT are less sensitive to odors than healthy controls and the lower olfactory test scores are related to lower quality of life, suggesting that decreased smell function is an additional complication of this disease.

Background Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is used worldwide in various malignant and nonmalignant childhood diseases, including haematologic, genetic, autoimmune and metabolic disorders, and is the only curative treatment for many of these illnesses. The survival rates of many childhood diseases have been increased due to HSCT treatment. However, associated complications are still important for management. Central nervous system (CNS) complications in paediatric HSCT recipients can be associated with high morbidity and significantly contribute to mortality. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is one of the most common CNS complications in patients with neurological symptoms following HSCT. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice and shows typical bilateral vasogenic oedema at the posterior parts of the cerebral hemispheres; however, various atypical imaging manifestations can also occur. In this study, we retrospectively examined CNS complications in our paediatric HSCT recipients with a focus on the typical and atypical neuroimaging manifestations of PRES following HSCT. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 300 consecutive paediatric HSCT recipients from January 2014 to November 2018. A total of 130 paediatric HSCT recipients who experienced neurological signs and symptoms and were evaluated with neuroimaging studies following HSCT were enrolled in the study. The timing of CNS complications was defined according to immune status, including the pre-engraftment period (< 30 days after HSCT), the early postengraftment period (30–100 days after HSCT), and the late postengraftment period (> 100 days after HSCT), which were defined as phases 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Results Overall, 130 paediatric HSCT recipients experienced neurological signs and symptoms and therefore underwent neuroimaging examinations. Among these 130 patients, CNS complications were present in 23 patients (17.6%, 23/130), including 13 (56.5%) females and 10 (43.5%) males with a median age of 8.0 years (range, 8 months to 18.0 years). Among these 23 patients, 14 cases of PRES (60.9%), 5 (21.7%) cases of leukoencephalopathy, 3 cases of acute subdural haemorrhage (ASDH) (13%) and 1 (4.3%) case of fungal CNS infection were identified by neuroimaging. On MRI, typical parietooccipital vasogenic oedema was present in 78.5% of the PRES cases (11/14). The following atypical neuroimaging manifestations were observed: isolated involvement of the bilateral frontal lobes in 1 case, isolated cerebellar vermis involvement in 1 case, and isolated basal ganglia involvement in 1 case. Restricted diffusion associated with cytotoxic damage was demonstrated in 2 of 14 cases, one of which also showed subacute cytotoxic injury with ADC pseudonormalization. Conclusion Paediatric HSCT recipients presenting with CNS signs and symptoms should be evaluated by neuroimaging studies for timely diagnosis and early management. PRES is the most common CNS complication and may present with atypical MRI manifestations, which should not dissuade a PRES diagnosis in appropriate clinical settings.

Sonuç: İntihar girişimlerinin kız cinsiyette daha sık ve en fazla oral yoldan ilaç alımı ile olduğu saptanmıştır. Alınan ilaçlar içinde en sık analjezikler ve santral sinir sistemi ilaçları (antidepresanlarantipsikotikler) görülmekteydi. Çalışmamızda, psikopatoloji oranlarının düşük olmasına rağmen intihar girişimi varlığı; ergenlerin ebeveyn ilişkileri başta olmak üzere yaşadıkları çeşitli zorlanmalar karşısında intihar girişimine yöneldiklerini düşündürmüştür.