The main purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the co-integration and causal relationship between international remittances and energy consumption in the context of Morocco. Previous empirical studies associated remittances with various macroeconomic and social variables. To our knowledge, this is the first study that examines the causality between remittances and energy consumption in Morocco. The study finds a long-run equilibrium relationship between remittances and energy consumption. The results indicate that remittances influence energy consumption directly both in the short run and long run, and influence energy consumption indirectly through industrialization and economic growth in the long run.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of (non-renewable and renewable) energy consumption and trade on environmental pollution in an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) setting in Turkey for the 1965–2016 period. Design/methodology/approach Besides conventionally used unit root tests, Zivot–Andrews unit-root test is also employed to account for a possible structural break. To investigate the interrelationships among the variables, the autoregressive distributed lag and the vector error correction methodologies are employed. Findings The results verify the EKC hypothesis. Moreover, increases in trade and non-renewable energy consumption rise carbon emissions in long run, while renewable energy consumption reduces it in both short- and long-run. The causality analysis reveals that there are bi-directional long-run causalities between non-renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, and between trade and carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the renewable energy consumption-income nexus in both short- and long-run. For the non-renewable energy consumption-income nexus, the neutrality hypothesis holds only in short-run and the conservation hypothesis holds only in long-run. Originality/value This is the first study which incorporates both renewable energy consumption and trade into its environmental pollution model for Turkey. Moreover, by investigating short- and long-run causalities among the employed variables, more robust policy implications are put forward. Lastly, this study employs a longer sample period and considers a structural break in its models.

The purpose of this study is to examine the causal relationship between Producer Price Index and Consumer Price Index for the five selected European countries, using seasonally adjusted monthly data from August 1995 to December 2007. Toda and Yamamoto causality test (1995) are employed to investigate causality. The results indicate that there is a unidirectional causality between producer price index and consumer price index, running from producer price index to consumer price index in Finland and France and bidirectional causality between two indices in Germany. In the case of the Netherlands and Sweden, no significant causality is detected.

Remittances make up a sizeable part of the Indian economy. Using recently advanced non‐linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model (Shin et al, 2014), this study aims to address the asymmetric impact of oil prices on international remittances over the period 1975–2017, in the context of India. The results reveal that: (i) changes in oil prices and remittances are asymmetrically associated in both short and long run; (ii) remittances react differently to changes in oil prices: while positive movements in oil prices lead to an increase in remittances, negative movements lower remittances; (iii) compared to positive oil price shocks, negative shocks have more profound impact on remittances in the long run; (iv) exchange rate has an asymmetric effect on remittances only in the short run; (v) financial development has negative influence on remittance inflows in the long run; and (vi) GDP per capita does not have any significant impact on remittance inflows in the long run, whereas it negatively affects remittances to India in the short run.

The mechanism by which oil price affects remittance outflows is not well understood and investigated. Using non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model (Shin, Yu, and. Greenwood-Nimmo. 2014. “Modelling Asymmetric Cointegration and Dynamic Multipliers in a Nonlinear ARDL Framework.” In Festschrift in Honor of Peter Schmidt, vol. 44, edited by R. C. Sickles, and W. C. Horrace, 281–314. New York: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8008-3_9), this study mainly seeks to investigate the asymmetric impact of oil prices on remittance outflows over the period from 1975 to 2015, for an oil-based economy, Oman. The results of the study reveal that changes in oil price are asymmetrically associated with remittance outflows in both short and long run. Furthermore, the response of remittance outflows to developments in oil prices is different in a way that positive shocks in oil prices promote remittance outflows, while negative shocks have no significant impact.