Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene is a structural gene responsible for the multiple influences of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) system. It is considered as a candidate gene for growth and production traits. In the present study, we aimed to determine the genetic polymorphism of Egyptian cattle IGFBP-3 gene.The amplified fragment of cattle IGFBP-3 gene at 651-bp was digested with three different endonucleases; HaeIII, MspI and TaqI. The digestion of the PCR products with MspI and TaqI endonucleases revealed similar restriction patterns in all tested animals.Digestion of the PCR product with HaeIII restriction enzyme revealed three different genotypes in Egyptian cattle due to the presence of two alleles; allele A with 7 digested fragments resulting from the presence of 6 restriction sites and allele C with 8 digested fragments resulting from the presence of 7 restriction sites; six sites as allele A in the addition of another restriction site at position 298^299 as a result of SNP (A fi C) in C allele at position 299. The restriction patterns of IGFBP-3/HaeIII showed that forty-six examined animals are genotyped as AA, CC and AC with frequencies of 21.74%, 21.74% and 56.52%, respectively.It is concluded that the IGFBP-3/HaeIII polymorphism may be utilized as a good marker for genetic differentiation between cattle animals for different body functions such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, immunity and energy balance. The nucleotide sequences of Egyptian cattle IGFBP-3 A and C alleles were submitted to GenBank with the accession numbers KF899893 and KF899894, respectively. ª 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf

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This study was aimed to assess cytochrome b conservation in six breeds of camels reared in Egypt and to compare its sequence with those of other livestock species. The 208-bp fragments from camel mtDNA cyto b were amplified using PCR for 54 camels belonging to 6 camel breeds reared in Egypt. The alignment of camel cyto b sequences showed the presence of two polymorphic sites resulting in four haplotypes and their nucleotide sequences were submitted to GenBank under the accession numbers: KX909894–KX909897.The genetic distances between tested camel breeds were zero between Baladi, Fallahi and Maghrabi breeds whereas they were at low value between the other three breeds: Mowaled, Sodany and Somali. Neighbor-joining showed 4 branches; one of them include most of the tested animals and another one contains 2 Somali animals which is considered a specific haplotype for this breed. The other two branches are mixed between Sodani and Mowaled breeds.Neighbor-joining tree was constructed between cyto b sequences of our tested camels and their sequences from livestock species include Camelus dromedaries, Camelus bactrianus, Ovis aries, Capra hircus, Bubalus bubalis, Bos Taurus and Sus scrofa. The result confirmed that our camel breeds belong to Camelus dromedaries and are clearly separated from other species.It is concluded that cyto b sequence is highly conserved among all camel breeds reared in Egypt which belong to Camelus dromedaries in addition to the advantage of cyto b in differentiation between different livestock sources which enables it to widely use for the adulteration detection in mixed meat.

Growth hormone (GH) is an anabolic hormone synthesized and secreted by the somatotroph cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in a circadian and pulsatile manner, the pattern of which plays an important role in postnatal longitudinal growth and development, tissue growth, lactation, reproduction as well as protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of this study was to detect the genetic polymorphism of GH gene in five camel breeds reared in Egypt which are Sudany, Somali, Mowaled, Maghrabi and Falahy, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Also, this work aimed to identify the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) between different genotypes detected in these camel breeds. The amplified fragment of camel GH at 613-bp was digested with the restriction enzyme MspI and the result reveals the presence of three different genotypes; CC, CT and TT in tested breeds. Significant differences were recorded in the genotype frequencies between these camel breeds. The result shows that the Maghrabi breed that is classified as a dual purpose camels had higher frequency for allele C (0.75) than those in the other tested four breeds. The sequence analysis declared the presence of a SNP (C264T) in the amplified fragment which is responsible for the elimination of the restriction site C^CGG and consequently the appearance of two different alleles C and T. The nucleotide sequences of camel GH alleles T and C were submitted to nucleotide sequences database NCBI/Bankit/GenBank and have accession numbers: KP143517 and KP143518, respectively. It is concluded that only one SNP C→T was detected in GH gene among the five tested camel breeds reared in Egypt and this nucleotide substitution can be used as a marker for the genetic biodiversity between these camel breeds. Also, due to the possible association between allele C and higher growth rate, we can used it in marker assisted selection (MAS) for camels in breeding program as a way for enhancement of growth trait in camel breeds reared in Egypt.

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the metabolic pathway leading to coat color pigmentation. Mutations in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene are responsible for the albino phenotype in mammals and chicken. Loss of tyrosinase mRNA expression prevents melanin synthesis, thereby causing albinism. The objective of this study was to detect the genetic variations and SNPs of tyrosinase gene among five camel breeds reared in Egypt; Sudany, Somali, Mowaled, Maghrabi and Falahy. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of camels belonging to the five tested breeds and the genotyping of TYR was studied using PCR-RFLP technique. The amplified fragment of camel TYR exon 1 at 474-bp was digested with the restriction enzyme DdeI. The result showed the appearance of three different genotypes; CC, CT and TT in the tested breeds with significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between these breeds. The camels in Somali, Falahy and Sudany breeds had slightly higher T allele frequency (0.38, 0.36 and 0.33, respectively) than those in Maghrabi and Mowaled camels (0.18 and 0.27, respectively). The genotype TT was detected only in Somali, Falahy and Sudany camels. The overall genotype frequencies for all breeds obtained were 0.06, 0.49 and 0.45 for TT, TC and CC, respectively. The sequence analysis declared the presence of a SNP (C/T) at position 135 in the amplified fragment which is responsible for the destruction of the restriction site C^TCAG and consequently the appearance of two different alleles C and T. The nucleotide sequences of camel TYR alleles C and T were submitted in GenBank database and have accession numbers: KP193960 and KP193961, respectively. It is concluded that only one SNP C/T was detected in TYR gene among the five tested camel breeds and this nucleotide substitution can be used as a marker for the genetic biodiversity between camels breeds reared in Egypt. Also, due to the possible association between TYR gene with coat color pigmentation, we can used its polymorphism for MAS in breeding programs for targeted color camels.