Target spot is caused by Corynespora cassiicola, which heavily affects soybean production areas that are hot and humid. Resistant soybean genotypes have been identified; however, the molecular mechanisms governing resistance to infection are unknown. Comparative transcriptomic profiling using two known resistant genotypes and two susceptible genotypes was performed under infected and control conditions to understand the regulatory network operating between soybean and C. cassiicola. RNA-Seq analysis identified a total of 2571 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) which were shared by all four genotypes. These DEGs are related to secondary metabolites, immune response, defense response, phenylpropanoid, and flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathways in all four genotypes after C. cassiicola infection. In the two resistant genotypes, additional upregulated DEGs were identified affiliated with the defense network: flavonoids, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and brassinosteroids. Further analysis led to the identification of differentially expressed transcription factors, immune receptors, and defense genes with a leucine-rich repeat domain, dirigent proteins, and cysteine (C)-rich receptor-like kinases. These results will provide insight into molecular mechanisms of soybean resistance to C. cassiicola infection and valuable resources to potentially pyramid quantitative resistance loci for improving soybean germplasm.
The United States official soybean (Glycine max L.) test weight (TW) is 75.7 kg hL−1 (60 lb bu−1). This standard is used to convert the weight of a load of soybean into bushels. Typically, when TW falls below 68.4 kg hL−1, (54 lb bu−1), growers may receive discounted payments. In recent years, the average TW of soybean appears to have declined in certain regions. There is currently no literature on the relative merits of common instruments used to measure TW. Therefore, we compared three instruments: a Mini GAC Plus, a Perten Aquamatic 5200, and a volumetric instrument, for accuracy and speed of sample processing in a lab setting. The TW of 517 plots generated from 11 soybean field trials grown in Tallassee, Alabama, over 2 years was measured to compare the performance of these instruments. The median value per instrument was used to determine variation and bias among the machines, and the speed of processing 100 samples was used as a measure of efficiency. For accuracy, the Perten had better agreement with the volumetric than the GAC and contained less bias compared to the GAC. All three TW instruments differed significantly from each other in processing speed. The volumetric instrument had the fastest processing speed, but its utility was limited due to a lack of moisture measurement. Otherwise, the Perten Aquamatic 5200 is more efficient. Future experiments should examine seed quality parameters and how they may influence the measurements of samples.
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