Introduction One of the first applications of advanced oxidation processes AOPs was reported in 1987 by Glaze 1 , who proposed that such processes involve the generation of OH in sufficient quantity to affect water purification. Several AOPs have been described since, many of which involve use of the powerful oxidizing hydroxyl radical OH that can oxidize and degrade organic pollutants from contaminated air and polluted aqueous ecosystems. These AOPs are termed advanced, because the chemical reactions are essentially the same except that they occur considerably faster billions of times vis-à-vis reactions that occur if the pollutants were exposed solely to a natural environment 2. Other AOPs include UV/O 3 , UV/H 2 O 2 , Fenton, photo-Fenton, non-thermal plasmas, sonolysis, photocatalysis, radiolysis, and supercritical water oxidation processes 3 7. However, newer approaches to achieve advanced oxidation
Background/Aim: The Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene encodes a protein (pVHL) that plays an important role in proteasome degradation of hypoxia inducible factor α (HIFα) through E3 activation. Accumulation of HIFα by loss of functional pVHL promotes tumorigenesis, thus, VHL has tumor suppressor gene capability in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). VHL is the most frequently mutated gene in ccRCC. The complete loss of VHL is mainly achieved by loss of chromosome 3p, which has a VHL coding region in combination with mutation or hypermethylation of the remaining copy of VHL. Given the risk of constitutional chromosome 3 translocation for RCC, it is important to detect the translocation and understand the mechanism underlying the development of multifocal ccRCC. Case Report: A 67year-old female patient diagnosed with multifocal RCC underwent robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) for three kidney tumors. A cancer gene panel test using next generation sequencing (NGS) detected differential VHL mutations (c.533T>G; p.L178R, c.465_466insTA; p.T157Ifs*3, c.343C>A; p.H115N), while VHL mutation was not detected in peripheral blood DNA. A tendency toward copy number loss of genes on der(3) was also detected in all tumors, but not in the germline one. A karyotype analysis revealed a germline translocation between 3 and 6, t(3;6)(q12;q14). Conclusion: Chromosome 3 translocation and loss of derivative chromosome containing 3p and subsequent somatic differential VHL mutations in this case strongly support the previously proposed three-step model to explain the development of familial conventional ccRCC.
The discovery of a water-soluble polymer that cross-links to form a gel using a novel green gelation method: the microwave-induced in-liquid-plasma method that requires neither a cross-linking agent nor an initiator as are required in the conventional chemical method.
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