Deformation process of a laminar round vortex ring interacting with a sharp density interface was observed experimentally by means of the flow visualization technique based on the PLIF method. Simultaneous images both in a meridian plane and in a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to the ring axis were captured during the interacting process. For the relatively 'weak' vortex ring compared with the density difference, a second oppositely-signed vortical structure was generated soon after penetrating through the interface and then a circumferentially wavy structure was observed to appear before the ring started to collapse.
Barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) nanocubes were synthesized by solvothermal reaction. The synthesis was performed using barium hydroxide [Ba(OH) 2 ], barium acetate [Ba(CH 3 COO) 2 ], and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) as starting materials, with Ba / Ti atomic ratio of 2.0 and Ti concentration of 0.04 mol / l. A mixture of ethanol, 2-methoxyethernol and water was added to the starting materials and this mixture was heated at 240°C for 18h in an autoclave. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed the formation of BaTiO 3 with a perovskite structure. The water served as an oxygen source for synthesis BaTiO 3 . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed cube-shaped BaTiO 3 . In order to synthesize the small-scale BaTiO 3 nanocubes, various reaction conditions such as the amount of water addition, kind of barium source, and amount of barium source were investigated. BaTiO 3 nanocubes with sharp-edged corners were formed by increasing the proportion of Ba(CH 3 COO) 2 used as a raw material for the barium source.
This paper reports on the interaction of a larninar round vortex ring with a sharp density interface . The deformation process of the ring after interacting with the interface was studied experimentally by both methods of the flow measurement by PIV and the flow visualization based on PLIF . For a 「 weak 「 vortex ring compared with the density difference , having the Richardson number of the order of unity , the ring came to a stop near the interface and then displayed a complicated development . While this development of the ring deformation was similar as interacting with the solid wall , it should be also noted that the mass exchange between upper and 且 ower fluids through the interface was
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