We develop a coupled-wave model that is capable of treating finite-size square-lattice photonic crystal surface emitting lasers with transverse-electric polarization. Various properties of interest including threshold gain, mode frequency, field intensity envelope within the device, far-field pattern, as well as polarization and divergence angle of the output beam for the band-edge modes are calculated. Theoretical predictions of the lowest threshold mode and the output beam profile are in good agreement with our experimental findings. In particular, we show that, contrary to the infinite periodic case, the finite length of the device significantly affects surface emission and mode selection properties of the laser device.
A general coupled-wave model is presented for square-lattice photonic crystal (PC) lasers with transverseelectric polarization. This model presents a realistic treatment of the full three-dimensional structure of typical laser devices by incorporating the surface emission and high-order coupling effects. Numerical examples based on our model are presented for various PC structures with different air-hole shapes. The accuracy of the results is verified using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations. Using this model, we demonstrate that the PC lattice with asymmetric air holes can give rise to a high-output power, efficient device.
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