In high CPOE installation rate (85% in 400+ bed hospitals), though most of them only capable of exporting data in proprietary format, prefecture and ministry projects were effective to promote healthcare information exchange between providers. The standardized storage became an infrastructure for many useful applications, and many hospitals started using them. Ministry designation of proposed healthcare standards was effective so as to allow vendors to conform their products, and users to install them.
Tungsten
oxide-based photochromic films that change reversibly in air between
colorless-transparent in the dark and dark blue under UV irradiation
were prepared by using methylcellulose as a film matrix and various
dispersants. Alpha-hydroxyl acid such as glycolic acid (GA) or glyceric
acid (GlyA) is the best dispersant because it can make the film transparent
by adding a small quantity much less than that of 3-hydroxypropionic
acid or ethylene glycol. Fourier-transform infrared spectra and Raman
spectra indicate that a strong interaction exists between WO3 and GA or GlyA. The coloration and bleaching processes of the prepared
films were investigated to clarify the effect of the dispersants and
the moisture contents. The bleaching rate remarkably decreased in
the films containing GA or GlyA but accelerated by increasing the
contact with O2. Measurements of electron-spin resonance
reveals that GA and GlyA as dispersants stabilize the W5+ state. This paper shows that the coloring rate and the period for
keeping the blue-colored state are tunable by changing the dispersants.
The photochromic films containing α-hydroxyl acid as the dispersant
have the potential for application as rewritable film on which information
displayed with blue-colored state can be clearly readable for longer
times compared with other dispersants.
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