Using CE-EUS to measure MN height provides a highly accurate method for differentiating benign from malignant BD-IPMN.

BackgroundIron is essential for cell replication, metabolism and growth. Because neoplastic cells have high iron requirements due to their rapid proliferation, iron depletion may be a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer. Deferasirox (DFX), a novel oral iron chelator, has been successful in clinical trials in iron-overload patients and has been expected to become an anticancer agent. However, no studies have investigated the effects of DFX on pancreatic cancer. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of DFX against pancreatic cancer.MethodsThe effects of DFX on cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis were examined in three human pancreatic cancer cell lines: BxPC-3, HPAF-II, and Panc 10.05. The effect of orally administered DFX on the growth of BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer xenografts was also examined in nude mice. Additionally, microarray analysis was performed using tumors excised from xenografts.ResultsDFX inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. A concentration of 10 μM DFX arrested the cell cycle in S phase, whereas 50 and 100 μM DFX induced apoptosis. In nude mice, orally administered DFX at 160 and 200 mg/kg suppressed xenograft tumor growth with no serious side effects (n = 5; average tumor volumes of 674 mm3 for controls vs. 327 mm3 for 160 mg/kg DFX, p <0.05; average tumor volumes of 674 mm3 for controls vs. 274 mm3 for 200 mg/kg DFX, p <0.05). Importantly, serum biochemistry analysis indicated that serum levels of ferritin were significantly decreased by the oral administration of 160 or 200 mg/kg DFX (n = 5; average serum ferritin of 18 ng/ml for controls vs. 9 ng/ml for 160 mg/kg DFX, p <0.05; average serum ferritin of 18 ng/ml for controls vs. 10 ng/ml for 200 mg/kg DFX, p <0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed that most genes in pancreatic adenocarcinoma signaling, especially transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), were downregulated by DFX.ConclusionsDFX has potential as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. Iron depletion was essential for the antiproliferative effect of DFX in a preclinical model, and DFX acted through the suppression of TGF-ß signaling.

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Background and Aim Data on long‐term outcomes after therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) using balloon‐assisted enteroscopy (BAE) for choledochojejunal anastomotic stenosis (CJS) or pancreaticojejunal anastomotic stenosis (PJS) remain limited. We retrospectively assessed the long‐term results of patients who achieved clinical success using BAE for CJS and PJS. Methods Patients who achieved technical and clinical success for CJS or PJS by BAE‐ERCP and were followed up for more than 6 months after the initial BAE‐ERCP therapy were retrospectively identified at 11 Japanese institutions. The primary end‐point was CJS or PJS recurrence rates. The secondary end‐points were initial therapy details, initial therapy complications, and CJS or PJS recurrence treatment details. We also evaluated restenosis‐associated factors. Results From September 2008 to December 2015, 67 patients (CJS, 61; PJS, six) were included. The overall CJS and PJS recurrence rates were 34.4% and 33.3%, respectively. The 1‐year CJS recurrence rate was 18.5% (95% confidence interval, 10.7–31.0). Of all the patients, 88.1% underwent balloon dilation at the anastomotic stenosis site; stent placement was performed in 15 of 67 patients (22.4%). The complication rate was 8.2% in CJS and 0% in PJS. In patients who underwent balloon dilation, “remaining waist” was significantly associated with CJS recurrence after anastomotic balloon dilation (P = 0.001). Conclusions The long‐term outcomes of BAE‐ERCP were comparable with those of percutaneous transhepatic treatment or surgical re‐anastomosis.

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