Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor correlates with tumor progression in gallbladder cancer.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Activation of Stromal Cell Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Angiogenesis

“…Both FGF-2 and VEGF expression has been strongly correlated with vascular density, metastatic potential, and poor survival in human colon, breast, prostate, and melanoma (Abdulrauf et al, 1998;Dosquet et al, 1997;Mattern et al, 1997;Okita et al, 1998;Schmidt et al, 1999;Ueki et al, 1995;Volm et al, 1999;Xerri et al, 1996). FGF-2, which is not secreted through vesicular pathways, can be exported from cells with unique extrusion pathways or large amounts can be released on cell death (Florkiewicz et al, 1995(Florkiewicz et al, , 1998Kiefer et al, 1993).…”

“…T umor-derived angiogenic cytokines have been implicated as potent positive factors for primary tumor growth and metastasis and correlate with poor prognosis (Abdulrauf et al, 1998;Axelsson et al, 1995;Dosquet et al, 1997;Gasparini and Harris, 1995;Guidi et al, 1995;Okita et al, 1998;Volm et al, 1999;Weidner et al, 1991Weidner et al, , 1992Wu, 1996). Because angiogenic cytokine levels detected in the clinical setting are typically from established tumors, it has been difficult to assess the role of specific angiogenic cytokines on early tumor growth and angiogenesis.…”

Role of tumor angiogenesis in gallbladder carcinoma: with special reference to thymidine phosphorylase

“…[8][9][10] There are some reports of correlations between VEGF expression and tumor size, advanced stage, and survival. Yamamoto et al 9 reported that the VEGF expression level was directly correlated with tumor vascularity in gallbladder carcinoma; however, the VEGF expression level was not signifi cantly associated with tumor stage or the patients' prognosis.…”

“…[8][9][10] Gallbladder carcinoma is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Prognostic factors in patients with gallbladder carcinoma are reported to be depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis.…”

Adenocarcinoma of the Gallbladder: Biology of Disease, Prognosticators, and Staging

“…In a fraction of CG showing augmented angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF is expressed (Yamamoto et al 1998;Giatromanolaki et al 2003). The presence and expression level of VEGF were associated with tumor size, lymphatic invasion, and advanced disease stage (Okita et al 1998;Letelier et al 2014). Expression of plateletderived endothelial growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase was detected in 63 % of CG, while hyperplastic epithelia or adenomas did not show significant expression.…”