Since their development in the 1980's organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted a great deal of interest for biosensor applications. Coupled with the current proliferation of organic semiconductor technologies, these devices have the potential to revolutionize healthcare by making point-of-care and home-based medical diagnostics widely available. Unfortunately, their mechanism of operation is poorly understood, and this hinders further development of this important technology. In this paper glucose sensors based on OECTs and the redox enzyme glucose oxidase are investigated. Through appropriate scaling of the transfer characteristics at various glucose concentrations, a universal curve describing device operation is shown to exist. This result elucidates the underlying device physics and establishes a connection between sensor response and analyte concentration. This improved understanding paves the way for rational optimization of enzymatic sensors based on organic electrochemical transistors.

Wearable sensors are receiving a great deal of attention as they offer the potential to become a key technological tool for healthcare. In order for this potential to come to fruition, new electroactive materials endowing high performance need to be integrated with textiles. Here we present a simple and reliable technique that allows the patterning of conducting polymers on textiles. Electrodes fabricated using this technique showed a low impedance contact with human skin, were able to record high quality electrocardiograms at rest, and determine heart rate even when the wearer was in motion. This work paves the way towards imperceptible electrophysiology sensors for human health monitoring.

A wearable keyboard is demonstrated in which conducting polymer electrodes on a knitted textile sense tactile input as changes in capacitance. The use of a knitted textile as a substrate endows stretchability and compatibility to large-area formats, paving the way for a new type of wearable human-machine interface.

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