A comparison between above-water surface and subsurface spectral reflectances collected over inland waters Asif M. Bhatti Kochi University of Technology, Japan, asifmumtaz.bhatti@kochi-tech.ac.jp
Donald RundquistUniversity of drundquist1@unl.edu
John SchallesCreighton University, jfsaqua@creighton.edu
Luis RamirezUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln, luisermz@yahoo.com
Seigo NasuKochi University of Technology, Japan Bhatti, Asif M.; Rundquist, Donald; Schalles, John; Ramirez, Luis; and Nasu, Seigo, "A comparison between above-water surface and subsurface spectral reflectances collected over inland waters" (2009
AbstractThe objective of the research was to undertake a quantitative comparison of spectral-reflectance measurements made slightly above the surface of water bodies with the measurements made slightly below the surface. The study is focused on three rivers; two in Georgia, USA and one in Japan. As expected, the differences in reflectance are not constant and vary with the wavelength. The contribution of surface-reflection effects to the surface reflectance measured slightly above the water is both pronounced and highly variable, but although they do alter the magnitude of the upwelling signal, they do not change the general shape of the spectral profiles. The correction of surface-reflection effects by assuming a proportionality factor (ρ) is not considered to be efficient for inland fresh water bodies. For in situ spectroscopy, the recommended approach is to measure upwelling radiance slightly below the water's surface as a means of minimizing extraneous noise. Researchers should be aware of the potential for diminishing the validity of findings because of measurement errors.
(1) Paid care services do relieve caregivers' sense of burden. (2) Measures to increase the ratio of people with the weakest sense of burden by encouraging the use of care services do not necessarily match those that decrease the ratio of people feeling the heaviest burden. (3) Policies that encourage caregivers to use more care services can be more effective if policy makers know which type of care service is related with a burden component.
This paper presents a flexible approach that is real options to increase expected value in water infrastructure systems. Real options make an adaptable ability to respond the systems more effective to good opportunity and withdrawn unproductive situations from loss of investments in the future. The result of this approach is compared with traditional net present value in cases of with and without uncertainty to show expected values of investment of industrial water demand and supply schemes. It shows that real options in system can increase expected value of investment by reducing negative risks and increasing opportunities. An example of water infrastructure investment to support increasing industrial water demand demonstrates the use and results of this approach.
This paper presents a new and improved method of hybrid input-output (I-O) to evaluate the economic impact of a biomass power plant's resource production and consumption. The effect of resource consumption induces a change in an economy's production structure and alters the technical coefficient of the hybrid I-O table, which should not be changed. Our study examines this problem based on two cases: a small cutoff ratio from the existing industry, in which the change in the technical coefficient can be ignored, and a large cutoff ratio from the existing industry, in which the technical coefficient is amended using the pre-adjustment method. Consequently, the biomass power plant using the large cutoff ratio from the existing industry case contributes about 1114 million yen to the local economy. A comparison of these two cases shows that the error caused by ignorance of the technical coefficient adjustment could result in 291.78 million yen less in total economic production, which is about 36% of the total additional production using the small cutoff ratio from the existing industry case. The losses in total economic production clearly increase in economic sectors that are related to the resource consumption of the biomass power plant.
Remote sensing has emerged as a useful tool for monitoring spatial and temporal distribution of sediment fluxes in the water bodies. The large quantity of sediment transported by the river waters create a number of water resources and environmental problems and could shorten the useful life of many downstream reservoirs and dams. The objective of the present article is to quantify the distribution of suspended sediment by means of Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (ALOS/AVNIR-2) and Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) satellite data. Multispectral remotely sensed algorithm was developed to investigate the distribution of suspended sediment in the Indus River, Pakistan, and Tarbela dam reservoir. Reflectance of ALOS/AVNIR-2 band 3 and band 4 and SPOT-2 satellite band 2 and band 3 was found to be the best predictor of suspended sediment concentration in the surface waters. To deal with the lack of in situ data, remotely sensed data are coupled with optical modeling and the desired parameter is derived by model inversion technique. The developed methodology is an effective and efficient tool for monitoring erosion, deposition areas, and sediment distribution in large rivers.
The purpose of the research was to investigate the effect of suspended sediment concentration on remote sensing reflectance and depth of light penetration in the turbid water. Turbidity is not a uniform parameter, either spatially or temporally. Laboratory based experiments were performed to establish relationship between the hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance signal and suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The indoor spectral reflectance was measured lm above the water surface using both hyperspectral Field SpecPro FR Spectroradiometer and quantum sensor. The experiments were performed in the electromagnetic spectrum region of 400 nm to 900 nm keeping all environmental parameters constant. A relationship for PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) transmittance, reflectance and absorption with varying levels of SSC was illustrated. The reflectance and diffuse attenuation coefficient increase with the increase in SSC. The first derivative of peak reflectance, at 827 nm, correlated strongly with SSC than the peak reflectance itself. Model was developed to quantify the suspended sediment concentration.
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