The data, obtained using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, provide the choroidal thickness profile of healthy children. The characteristic choroidal thickness profile in children suggests a redistribution process of choroidal tissue with aging.

Our SD-OCT data demonstrated an increased total retinal thickness and ONL thickness at the foveal center and decreased choroidal thickness 3.0 mm temporal to the fovea in preterm children. Further studies are needed to better understand the association between these structural changes and visual functions in preterm children.

Like the rectus muscles, the human and monkey IO has a connective tissue pulley serving as its functional origin. The position of the IO pulley is influenced by its coupling to the actively moving IR pulley, whereas in turn the IO orbital layer inserts on and presumably shifts the IR and LR pulleys. These intercouplings facilitate implementation by rectus extraocular muscle suspensions of a commutative ocular motor plant.

There is a growing body of evidence that emphasizes the consideration of angle kappa in refractive surgery. Ignoring angle kappa may sometimes result in decentered treatment and aggravation of visual symptoms. Compensation for angle kappa is important for optimal correction of refractive error by either laser ablation or IOLs, especially for hyperopes and any eyes with large angle kappa.

Background: The retina and the brain share anatomic, embryologic, and physiologic characteristics. Therefore, retinal imaging in patients with brain disorders has been of significant interest. Using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), a novel quantitative method of measuring retinal vasculature, we aimed to evaluate radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network density and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in cognitively impaired patients and determine their association with brain imaging markers. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, a total of 69 patients (138 eyes) including 29 patients with amyloid-positive Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairment (ADCI), 25 patients with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI), and 15 amyloid-negative cognitively normal (CN) subjects were enrolled. After excluding eyes with an ophthalmologic disease or poor image quality, 117 eyes of 60 subjects were included in the final analyses. Retinal vascular [capillary density (CD) of the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) network] and neurodegeneration markers [retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness at four quadrants] were measured using OCTA and OCT imaging. Brain vascular (CSVD score) and neurodegeneration markers (cortical thickness) were assessed using 3D brain magnetic resonance imaging. The CD and RNFL thickness and their correlation with brain imaging markers were investigated. Results: The SVCI group showed lower CD in the temporal quadrant of the RPC network compared to the CN group (mean (SD), 42.34 (6.29) vs 48.45 (7.08); p = 0.001). When compared to the ADCI group, the SVCI showed lower CD in the superior quadrant (mean (SD), 60.14 (6.42) vs 64.15 (6.39); p = 0. 033) as well as in the temporal quadrant (ADCI 45.76, SVCI 42.34; p = 0.048) of the RPC network. The CD was negatively correlated with CSVD score in the superior (B (95%CI), − 0.059 (− 0.097 to − 0.021); p = 0.003) and temporal (B (95%CI), − 0.048 (− 0.080 to − 0.017); p = 0.003) quadrants of the RPC network. RNFL thickness did not differ among the groups nor did it correlate with cortical thickness.

These data, obtained using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, reveal differences between amblyopic and fellow eyes in the thickness of some retinal layers, including a notable difference in the ganglion cell layer plus inner plexiform layer.

ABSTRACT.Purpose: To compare the retinal layer thickness of eyes with optic neuritis (ON) and that of control eyes and ON eyes with and without neuromyelitis optica (NMO) or multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Horizontal and vertical SD-OCT scans of the fovea were undertaken for 56 patients with ON with and without NMO or MS and for 24 healthy controls. Patients with ON were divided into three groups: NMO, MS and isolated ON without NMO or MS. The thickness of each retinal layer was compared between ON and healthy control eyes, and between ON eyes with and without NMO or MS. Results: Compared with healthy control eyes, ON eyes showed significant thinning of the ganglion cell layer plus the inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL) at all eight inner and outer macular locations. Significant differences in thickness were observed for the retinal layers of NMO, MS and isolated ON without NMO or MS at several retinal locations. Conclusions: Our SD-OCT data revealed a notable difference in the GCL + IPL thickness between ON and healthy control eyes. It also showed differences in the thickness of several retinal layers for ON subgroups including NMO, MS and isolated ON. This may be helpful for distinguishing the aetiology of ON.

We have quantitatively evaluated the macular and peripapillary microvascular changes in eyes with chiasmal compression caused by brain tumors compared with healthy control eyes using optical coherence tomography angiography (oct-A) and correlated them with other ocular parameters. this cross-sectional study involved the analysis of 36 eyes of 36 patients with chiasmal compression and age and refractive error-matched 35 healthy control eyes. OCT-A was used to generate microvascular images of the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus (SRCP, DRCP) and the radial peripapillary capillary (Rpc) segment in the macula and peripapillary areas. Automated segmentation and vessel density measurements facilitated the analysis of each layer. Macular oct-A analysis revealed a significant reduction in vessel density in the SRCP (P = 0.004) of the nasal quadrant (P < 0.001) and in the same quadrant of the DRcp (P = 0.019) in the eyes with chiasmal compression compared with the control eyes. The RPC segment vessel density has also been significantly reduced in the eyes with chiasmal compression (P < 0.001). The RPC segment and the SRCP vessel densities were correlated with the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and the ganglion cell layer complex thicknesses. The RPC segment and the nasal quadrant SRCP and the DRCP vessel densities were correlated with visual field defect. Significant microvascular alterations have been detected in the eyes with chiasmal compression compared with the control eyes. This study confirmed that chiasmal compression caused by brain tumors not only induced a loss of ganglion cells but also resulted in intra-retinal microvascular changes. Visual dysfunction is a common symptom of various tumors involving the sellar area. A growing tumor compresses the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, resulting in visual field defects and reduced visual acuity. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been used to evaluate morphological changes in the retina and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) in compressive optic neuropathy 1-4. It is well known that pRNFL thinning 1,2,5 and ganglion cell loss 4,6,7 detected by OCT are correlated with visual field defects in compressive optic neuropathies 4,6,7. Recent advances in OCT-Angiography (OCT-A) as a new imaging modality to characterize the three-dimensional vascular structures of the retinal layers and peripapillary areas, have led to the identification of microvascular changes in optic neuropathies such as glaucoma 8 , ischemic optic neuropathies 9,10 , and inflammatory optic neuropathies 11. The studies reported a significant correlation between microvascular alterations and visual functions, such as visual acuity 10,11 and visual field 10,12. To date, only a single case-series has been conducted to investigate the microvascular changes in eyes with chiasmal compression using OCT-A 13. The objective of the current study has been to analyze the microvascular changes involving macula and optic nerve head using OCT-A and to correlate microvascular...