Background: The advantages of probiotic administration for acute diarrhoea are mainly shorter duration of symptoms as well as reduced number of stools per day while use of traditional yogurt has similar results. So, this study was conducted to compare the efficacy of yogurt with probiotic in children with acute gastroenteritis. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at department of Pediatrics, Children Hospital, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad over 1 year. A total of nine hundred and thirty (930) children between 1–5 years of age presenting with acute diarrhoea were enrolled and equally randomized to Group-A (yogurt) and Group-B (lactobacillus rhamnosus) with ORS. The primary outcome was mean frequency of diarrhoea in first 24 hours after initiation of treatment in both the groups. Results: Gender distribution revealed that out of 930 patients, 643 (69.1%) were male and 287 (30.9%) were female while the mean age was 3.14±1.18 years. Mean duration of disease was 4.23±2.02 days. Mean no. of stools in first 24 hours after treatment in Group-A (yogurt) was 3.25±1.64 and 3.29±1.74 in Group-B (probiotics). Student t-test for independent samples was applied and no significant difference was found between the two groups (p=0.713). Conclusions: Mean frequency of diarrhoea in first 24 hours after treatment with traditional yogurt and commercially available probiotics was not statistically significant in this study.
This paper is pursued with the objective of investigating technological capability as a key determinant for foreign direct investment in Indian sub-continent consisting of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The focus of the study is to identify why some countries are attracting more inward FDI than others within the same geographical region as well as to uncover the plausible reason that could lure foreign direct investment (Indian sub-continent caters for one-fifth of the global population). Research methodology uses static panel data models involving fixed and random effects over yearly data from 1994 until 2011. Furthermore, a dynamic panel model via Park method is used on the datasets. The findings which indicate clear implications in those countries with strong domestic technological capabilities seem to have a solid influence in attracting inward FDI. The study also reveals that the relationship between domestic technological development and inward FDI is even stronger than other controlled variables (inflation, lending rates and GDP) in the model.
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