Strategic culture involves diplomatic ties, geopolitical orientation and political ideology involving the military. India’s strategic culture orientates pro-nationalist policies, emphasizing the business progression of a specific class, discriminating in exercising minority rights, and imbalancing diplomatic ties with neighbouring states for regional hegemony. Indian leadership, from Jawaharlal Nehru to Narendra Modi, has kept regional dominance as a primary Indian strategic objective. More importantly, the Indian strategic community has carefully maintained narrative linking insurgencies with its neighbours, especially Pakistan. A cross-sectional analysis of Indian political doctrines explains how internal security challenges of India are shaping its strategic culture and stance towards Pakistan. It includes contextualizing the concept of strategic culture and modelling Indian strategic culture to the scope of research. The impact of Indian strategic culture on Pakistan is multi-dimensional, ranging from combat capabilities to international presence at international forums like the UN and FATF. The research proposes policy options and action points for Pakistan. The paper establishes three fundamental aspects. First, the Indian strategic thoughts are rooted in Kautilyian discourse. Second, linking Pakistan with insurgencies in India. Third, with the rise of Hindutva through the BJP with a conducive geostrategic environment, India has resorted to an offensive-defensive strategy towards Pakistan. With these interpretations, the research paves the way for identifying policy options for Pakistan while considering Pakistan’s national interests. Bibliography Entry Malik, Tassawar Aziz, and Sehrish Qayyum. 2022. "Indian Political Doctrines: Understanding Internal Security Dynamics of India Impacting Pakistan." Margalla Papers 26 (1): 18-33.
Unsettled maritime boundaries can hinder economic exploitation of offshore resources and complicate the management of maritime borders. They thwart states from getting on path of prosperity and progress. This article explores factors which when taken together makes most likelihood of effective border management in WIO. It uses descriptive-analytical method of qualitative research to conduct retrospective analysis. The paper highlights key factors concerning WIO’s border management in terms of theoretical subjects. Findings revealed 14 main factors which make most likelihood of effective border management in WIO. In terms of the importance of the components, the greatest scale corresponds to the political dimension, and among the factors is the foreign policy of WIO states. Geopolitical, geostrategic, and topographical realities all have a significant impact on the efficient administration of maritime boundaries. To make matters worse, WIO's geostrategic location has the greatest intervening influence on states. The paper concludes that as per guidance of UN collective security patrols, forces had to be raised in CTF model. The punch line is that no country could be a ‘Net Security Provider’ in IO region.
Strategic maritime environment of Indian Ocean is rigorously changing in the course of last two decades. Regional focus has sharply shifted from territorial to maritime borders, largely impacting transnational ties in wake of defense and security measures. This insight covers background of strategic maritime environment of Indian Ocean along with shifting trends after the launch of China’s “Belt Road Initiative”. This discourse also covers impact of COVID crisis on maritime environment of IO and recent tactical reorientation of global powers in the region. Furthermore, Strategic analysis of maritime power of Indian Ocean is done in calibration of the narrative. USA, China, India, Australia, and Pakistan are taken under keen sight of policy analysis. Opportunities and challenges for Pakistan in lieu of this discussion is penned down categorically. Development of Maritime Security Strategy of Pakistan (MSSP) with commensurate needs is focused as a result of the deliberate policy and maritime environment study of IOR. Cogent recommendations are offered to Pakistan Navy and Government of the State to fill the lapse on way to emerging naval power of Western Indian Ocean. It is qualitative research employing descriptive chronological discussion targeting theme in the larger perspective.
UNSC debate on the maritime security-initiated discussion on response and reaction plan not only for particular countries and regions overall. The Eastern part of the Indian Ocean (IO) has been a boiling cauldron due to the race of maritime hegemony, maritime alliances for economic cum security dimensions and choking important points of maritime trade in crisis. The outbreak of Covid heavily restricted global supply chains. Security cooperation should focus on ‘reassurance' rather than 'deterrence' to create the desired security order in which multilateral frameworks may be formed. In this scenario, security interactions would help nation-states converge their national interests and minimize a zero-sum security situation. UNSC debate on maritime security demands for cooperative security approach through a framework of like-minded states. Pakistan foresees this debate as an increasing challenge by constructing the role of the Pakistan Navy to perform and ensure its capacities for maritime security in the long run. The paper presents the response to Indian Duplicities in the wake of the Russian proposal for maritime security management at UNSC in 2021. Strategic analysis with qualitative research method and exploratory approach is adopted in this research with pertinent and feasible findings.
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