This study aims to develop a reservoir operation rule adding downstream environmental flow release (EFR) to the exclusive use of irrigation water supply (IWS) from agricultural reservoirs through canals to rice paddy areas. A reservoir operation option was added in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to handle both EFR and IWS. For a 366.5 km2 watershed including three agricultural reservoirs and a rice paddy irrigation area of 4744.7 ha, the SWAT was calibrated and validated using 21 years (1998–2018) of daily reservoir water levels and downstream flow data at Gongdo (GD) station. For reservoir water level and streamflow, the average root means square error (RMSE) ranged from 19.70 mm to 19.54 mm, and the coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) had no effect on the improved SWAT. By applying the new reservoir option, the EFR amount for a day was controlled by keeping the reservoir water level up in order to ensure that the IWS was definitely satisfied in any case. The downstream mean wet streamflow (Q95) decreased to 5.70 m3/sec from 5.71 m3/sec and the mean minimum flow (Q355) increased to 1.05 m3/sec from 0.94 m3/sec. Through the development of a SWAT reservoir operation module that satisfies multiple water supply needs such as IWR and EFR, it is possible to manage agricultural water in the irrigation period and control the environmental flow in non-irrigation periods. This study provides useful information to evaluate and understand the future impacts of various changes in climate and environmental flows at other sites.
Considering the priority of water supply, agricultural water supply capacity downstream of the Yeongsan River Basin was evaluated in this study. The water balance was analyzed using the Please check all author names carefullyMODSIM-decision support system (MODSIM-DSS) to evaluate the agricultural water supply capacity. MODSIM-DSS can also be used to analyze the watershed demand status and agricultural water supply facilities. In this study, the watershed inflow and agricultural reservoir inflow (supply) data for each watershed were obtained using the SWAT outflow data. SWAT was calibrated and validated using 16-years (2005–2020) of daily streamflow data from one water level station and two weirs, by considering water withdrawal and return flows from agricultural, domestic, and industrial water use. The coefficient of determination (R2) was analyzed as 0.50 to 0.80 at three stations. Then, water balance analyses were performed for 41 years (1980–2020) by applying the SWAT outflow results to MODSIM-DSS. The results showed that agricultural water shortages of 517.8 × 106 m3, 520.0 × 106 m3, 579.8 × 106 m3, and 517.5 × 106 m3, occurred in 1992, 1994, 1995, and 2015, respectively. The efficiencies of agricultural water supply for these years were 58.2%, 58.0%, 53.2%, and 58.2%, respectively, which were lower than the 40-year average of 84.5%.
Robust water management systems are crucial for sustainable water use, particularly considering rapidly changing, ever-improving water supply system technologies. However, the establishment of specific management standards in upland fields is challenging, as several types of crops are cultivated in upland fields. Hence, the timing and required amount of water vary greatly, further rendering drought response challenging. In this study, we evaluated the agricultural drought vulnerability of South Korean upland fields, considering the lack of water resources, to establish preliminary drought damage prevention measures. The Technique for Order of Preference method was used for the drought vulnerability assessment, and the assessment indicators used were annual rainfall, number of dry days, upland field area, available soil water capacity, and groundwater usage. The 20 areas of highest vulnerability comprised large cultivation areas with minimal subsurface-water usage, except for areas where the number of dry days appeared to be the major factor for drought vulnerability. Damage caused by recurring droughts accumulated over time; thus, upland-field-oriented management may be required and can even be used in cases where insufficient drought information is available. Future studies can use the proposed method while considering assessment factors that describe upland field conditions.
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