Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is an important modality to obtain tissue diagnosis from mediastinal, pancreatic, and intraabdominal lesions in close proximity to the pulmonary and gastrointestinal tract. It is considered to be a relatively safe, rapid, and minimally invasive technique with low complication rates. Aims: To determine the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and outcome of EUS-FNA, with histological correlation where applicable.

Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common childhood intraocular malignancy. In highincome countries over the past decade, upfront enucleation for unilateral RB is least favoured due to other alternatives that can help in globe preservation, but in low-middle income countries it is still the preferred option due to lack of resources and expertise. The treatment of RB after enucleation is tailored based on the histopathological risk features, as adjuvant chemotherapy with high-risk features reduces the risk of metastasis. The aim of our study was to analyse the survival outcomes of adjuvant therapy based on histopathological risk stratification in patients who underwent upfront enucleation for unilateral RB with advanced disease. A retrospective study was carried out at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Pakistan. A total 113 patients (aged 3 months till 16 years) diagnosed with unilateral RB who had upfront enucleation from July 2009 till January 2019 were included in this study. The mean age of diagnosis was 37.4 months (±24.5) and male-to-female ratio of 1.3:1. The most common clinical presentation was leukocoria (74.3%). Patients who underwent enucleation had advanced disease; group D present in 62.8% followed by group E (32.7%). Histopathology revealed high-risk features in 29 patients (25.7%) and intermediate risk in 54 patients (47.8%). Disease progression and relapse was seen in patients with high-risk histopathological features. The 4-year over-all survival and EFS observed for this cohort was 74% and 71%. Awareness about the early symptoms among the general population and health care personnel at a nationwide level is needed to facilitate early detection and lessen disease related morbidity and mortality.

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer and the fourth dominant cause of cancer related death in women throughout the globe. Eighty percent of cases occur in the developing nations1,2. The extent of this cancer is tough to be evaluated in Pakistanbecause of differing insufficient epidemiological figures obtainable in small scale studies, dealing only reported limited number of cases which are not representative of its true burden3,4,5. As stated by World Health Organization, in 2002, the pervasiveness of cervical cancer in Pakistan was 9 in 100,000; in 2008 it jumped up to 19.5/100,000. Claimed by various studies, this cancer is among the list of first ten frequent cancers in Pakistan6,7,8,9. It is one of the most avoidable cancers nowadays and we have all the tools to eradicate it, still the number of lives lost due to cervical cancer is very high in Pakistan as it is an ignored ailment here in terms of screening, prevention and vaccination9. Economically developed countries who invested capitals for organized screening projects have made notable progress in reducing both occurrence and mortality due to this specific cancer10. The out of proportion load of cervical cancer in developing countries is largely attributable to scarcity of functional screening projects11. In our over 500 bedded teaching hospital with a well running gynecology outdoor, we do receive cervical biopsies positive for invasive malignancies but hardly receive any Pap smear tests in laboratory that prompted us to check for cervical cancer screening especially Pap smear test related awareness among our non-medical ladies.As the foundation of cervical cancer eradication is screening and prevention, each country and its regions must device an elimination plan that fits into its own culture and geographic landscape. Keywords: perception and understanding of existing screening tests, preventive measures, cervical cancer

Objective: This study is conducted to ascertain the microbial agents along with their prevalence leading to urinary tract infections in patients admitted in Bakhtawar Amin Hospital, Multan with manifestations of urinary tract infections. Design: Descriptive observational study Place and duration of study: Department of Microbiology Bakhtawar Amin Medical & Dental College & Hospital, Multan from January 2021 to July 2021. Material and Methods: A total of 220 positive urine cultures were analyzed in this study extended for six months. All the appropriate details like age, gender, major presenting complaints, history of catheterization etc were noted. All the isolated urinary pathogens were recorded along with their frequency and percentages. Results: Out of these 220 patients with positive urine cultures, majority (63.6%) were male. Gram negative bacteria (E. Coli) constitute the major bulk of urinary pathogens followed by Candida. Conclusion: Urinary tract infections were commonly seen in men in our region. E. Coli was the most frequently encountered bacteria. A large number of Candida species were segregated in immunocompromised critically ill ICU admitted patients. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, culture, pathogens, E.Coli, Candida.