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Salt-tolerant Gevas Sirik 57 (GS57) genotypes and salt-sensitive 4F-89 French variety, previously determined in our preliminary study, were used in the study. The genotype and the variety exposed to 100mM NaCl application developed different mechanisms to be protected against toxic effects of Na + ion. Salt-sensitive 4F-89 French variety let Na + accumulate in all organs. On the contrary, salt-tolerant GS57 did not avoid salt and acted selectively among ions; the majority of toxic ion Na + accumulated in old leaves and shoots and the plants did not transport them into young leaves. K + accumulation was high in organs in which Na + concentrations were low, and vice versa; Na + content was low in young and high in old leaves of GS57, but K + content was opposite. Ca 2+ content in young leaves of GS57 and 4F-89 decreased; still its content was the highest of all examined ions found in young leaves. This indicated that beans can develop different mechanisms to accept and adapt high levels of salt. Storing toxic ion (Na + ) in old leaves and having a limited transmission of salt into young leaves serves as a protection from detrimental effects of salt.

Free-living plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have favourable effect on plant growth, tolerance against stresses and are considered as a promising alternative to inorganic fertilizer for promoting plant growth, yield and quality. PGPR colonize at the plant root, increase germination rates, promote root growth, yield, leaf area, chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, protein content, tolerance to drought, shoot and root weight, and delayed leaf senescence. Several important bacterial characteristics, such as biological nitrogen fixation, solubilization of inorganic phosphate and mineralization of organic phosphate, nutrient uptake, 1-aminocydopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity and production of siderophores and phytohormones, can be assessed as plant growth promotion traits. By efficient use, PGPR is expected to contribute to agronomic efficiency, chiefly by decreasing costs and environmental pollution, by eliminating harmful chemicals. This review discusses various bacteria acting as PGPR, their genetic diversity, screening strategies, working principles, applications for wheat and future aspects in terms of efficiency, mechanisms and the desirable properties. The elucidation of the diverse mechanisms will enable microorganisms developing agriculture further.

Materials and methods MaterialsStudy material included F 1 hybrid tomato (Riva), pepper (Ergenekon), and eggplant (Pera) cultivars sensitive to V.d.; AMF isolates of Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae, which are known to have high relative mycorrhizal dependency with these cultivars; and the pathogen V.d., which was isolated from eggplant with a high level of virulence.

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