Objectives: To study the level of physical activity of Pakistani labourers in Saudi Arabia, and to find its relationship with body mass index. Method: The observational study was conducted inside the Pakistan Embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from October 2017 to March 2018, and comprised Pakistani males aged 22-60 years doing unskilled and semi-skilled jobs. Body mass index was calculated, and the level of physical activity was assessed using the short form International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: There were 130 subjects with mean age of 33.53±7.9 years. There were 109(83.8%) subjects aged <40 years, and 21(16.2%) were aged 40 years. Mean body mass index of the sample was 26.13±5.29kg/m². Overall, 71(54.6%) participants were insufficiently active having energy expenditure <600 metabolic equivalent of task in minutes per week. No statistically significant result was found when total energy expenditure was considered (p0.05), but significant result was found for energy expenditure due to ‘walk alone’ (p0.05). Significant correlation was found between profession and overall energy expenditure and job-related energy expenditure. Significant but weak positive correlation was found between body mass index and walk-related energy expenditure (r=0.279, p0.001). Conclusion: Mean body mass index of the sample was high compared to South Asian cut-off values, and the level physical activity was very low, but the findings failed to show an inverse relationship between physical activity level and body mass index. Key Words: Relationship, Physical activity level, BMI, Pakistani labourers, Saudi Arabia, Cross-sectional.
Clinical evidence suggests that T2DM and its complications can be prevented through regular intake of functional foods. This cost-effective way of managing T2DM in developing world might prove very beneficial. A randomized controlled trial was done to compare effects of Fenugreek and Cinnamon on treatment of newly diagnosed cases of T2 DM. Subjects were selected from Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Islamabad. Study was carried out in three phases: Phase I, baseline; Phase II, after 90 days and Pahse III at end of washout period. Subjects, from both genders, were within the age range of 40-65 years. There were 26 subjects in each group. Serum levels of FPG, HbA1c, fasting insulin levels, lipid profile were measured at baseline and at the end of 2nd and 3rd phases. BMI, WC and WHR were also studied in all phases of the study. SPSS (version 22) was used for analysis. Cinnamon seemed to have more effect on both anthropometric (BMI & WC) and biochemical (FPG, HbA1c, serum Insulin, serum cholesterol, HDL & LDL) parameters, as compared to Fenugreek, which had effect on WC, FPG, HbA1c, serum cholesterol and TG only. Although, the magnitude of these effects was similar in both groups.
Introduction: Obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension are indicators of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Low serum adiponectin levels might be able to predict MetS. Objective/Aim: This study was meant to assess relationship between MetS and adiponectin. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, women in their 24-40 weeks of pregnancy were selected. The study consisted of two groups, one group comprised 100 control, healthy pregnant women, while second group comprised 100 pregnant women with known gestational diabetes. Body mass index (BMI), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure participants were recorded. Blood was tested for HbA1c, HDL, triglycerides, and serum adiponectin levels. Results: BMI of 30% of participants was ≥30 kg/m², and 43% of the participants had HbA1c ≥6.5%. HDL levels were lower than normal in 30% of participants, and serum triglyceride levels were higher than normal in 78% of participants. SBP was higher than normal in 23% of the participants. Adiponectin level was low in >60% of cases. No statistically significant difference was found between the BMI of both groups. SBP and DBP were within normal limits in both groups. HbA1c levels were higher than normal, and HDL levels and adiponectin levels were lower than normal in the diabetic group. No statistically significant difference was found in TAG levels in both groups, and it was higher than normal in both groups. Regression analysis showed that adiponectin levels could predict diabetes and low HDL levels in our study. Conclusion: Hypoadiponectinemia could predict MetS indicators like hyperglycemia and low HDL levels.
Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical pain requires surgical intervention in emergency. Diagnosis of acute appendicitis is mainly a clinical judgment but many clinical scoring systems and advance radiology is routinely used in developed countries. The aim is to reduce unnecessary removal of normal appendix, which is still very high up to 37% in some parts of the world. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the Negative appendectomy rate (NAR) in a tertiary care hospital of Quetta. Method: This is a prospective observational study carried out between November 2020 and June 2021.121 cases of acute appendicitis that underwent surgical management. Results: The study data revealed a negative appendectomy rate of 59.5% Tenderness rebound tenderness and total leucocyte count (TLC) showed statistical significance with histopathology findings. Female had high negative rate of appendectomy. Conclusion: The study showed that on clinical judgment in diagnosis of acute appendicitis will result in high negative appendectomy rate, it is need of time to add radiology at least ultrasonography should be mandatory in every suspected case of appendicitis in our part of world and diagnostic laparoscopy in equivocal cases especially in female patients.
BackgroundVitamin D is a vital micronutrient and plays a vital role in defining the bone mineral density of an individual. There are many factors that regulate the levels of vitamin D in our body. The deficiency in vitamin D leads to various complications, with the most important one weakening of bones. Adolescence defines the degree of bone mineral density, which reduces with the growing age in a gradual fashion. MethodsThe study was a cross-sectional study conducted in Zarghoon town, Quetta, Pakistan. A sample size of 142 was taken from urban and rural areas. Participants were adolescent girls falling in the age bracket of 13-18 years. The circulating level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D was assessed using the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique. Data were analyzed with SPSS Version 20 (IBM Corp.). ResultsOverall, vitamin D deficiency was 32.4%, and 9.9 % of girls were found to be severely deficient, where the highest proportion belonged to urban samples. The prevalence rate of vitamin D insufficiency was 39.4%. The urban population had a higher prevalence of low levels of vitamin D. In urban respondents, 49.1% had an insufficient vitamin D level, 33.3% had a deficient vitamin D level, and 17.5% had a severely deficient vitamin D level. In rural respondents, 47.1% had normal vitamin D levels, 32.9% had insufficient vitamin D levels, 15.3% were deficient, and 4.7% were severely deficient. ConclusionIt was concluded that vitamin D deficiency has a high prevalence among adolescent girls of school age. Additionally, it is more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas.
Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) being a biological abnormality confers the highest risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aim To assess MetS indicators in the newly diagnosed T2DM Pakistani population. Methods A cross-sectional study ( N = 123) with newly diagnosed T2DM patients (gender: both, MeanAge: 49.24 ± 6.84 years) was selected from Medical OPD, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Basic profile, family history, and physical activity were recorded through a predesigned questionnaire, dietary intake through seven days Food Diary and Food Frequency Questionnaire. Blood pressure and selected clinical signs and symptoms were recorded. Anthropometric measurements included mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-and-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and conicity index. Lab parameters included fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin levels, and lipid profile. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was computed to assess insulin resistance. Results Almost all parameters related to MetS were higher than normal. The prevalence of MetS was 59.7%. BMI, MUAC, and WHtR were independently associated with HOMA-IR, but WC, WHR, and the conicity index had no relationship MetS indicators. Conclusion The prevalence rate of MetS was found to be 59.7% in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. MUAC was found to be a better parameter for the diagnosis of central obesity and insulin resistance in the selected population.
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