Purpose: In vivo evaluation of good manufacturing practice-grade targeted liposomal doxorubicin (TVT-DOX), bound to a CD13 isoform expressed on the vasculature of solid tumors, in human tumor xenografts of neuroblastoma, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer. Experimental Design: Mice were implanted with lung, ovarian, or neuroblastoma tumor cells via the pulmonary, peritoneal, or orthotopic (adrenal gland) routes, respectively, and treated, at different days post inoculation, with multiple doses of doxorubicin, administered either free or encapsulated in untargeted liposomes (Caelyx) or inTVT-DOX. The effect of TVT-DOX treatment on tumor cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis, and angiogenesis was studied by immunohistochemical analyses of neoplastic tissues and using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. Results: Compared with the three control groups (no doxorubicin, free doxorubicin, or Caelyx), statistically significant improvements in survival was seen in all three animal models following treatment with 5 mg/kg (maximum tolerated dose) of TVT-DOX, with long-term survivors occurring in the neuroblastoma group; increased survival was also seen at a dose of 1.7 mg/kg in mice bearing neuroblastoma or ovarian cancer. Minimal residual disease after surgical removal of neuroblastoma primary mass, and the enhanced response toTVT-DOX, was visualized and quantified by bioluminescence imaging and with magnetic resonance imaging.When treated withTVT-DOX, compared with Caelyx, all three tumor models, as assayed by immunohistochemistry and chorioallantoic membrane, showed statistically significant reductions in cell proliferation, blood vessel density, and microvessel area, showing increased cell apoptosis. Conclusion: TVT-DOX should be evaluated as a novel angiostatic strategy for adjuvant therapy of solid tumors.

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In an effort to develop new agents and molecular targets for the treatment of cancer, aspargine-glycine-arginine (NGR)-targeted liposomal doxorubicin (TVT-DOX) is being studied. The NGR peptide on the surface of liposomal doxorubicin (DOX) targets an aminopeptidase N (CD13) isoform, specific to the tumor neovasculature, making it a promising strategy. To further understand the molecular mechanisms of action, we investigated cell binding, kinetics of internalization as well as cytotoxicity of TVT-DOX in vitro. We demonstrate the specific binding of TVT-DOX to CD13-expressing endothelial [human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and Kaposi sarcoma-derived endothelial cells (SLK)] and tumor (fibrosarcoma, HT-1080) cells in vitro. Following binding, the drug was shown to internalize through the endosomal pathway, eventually leading to the localization of doxorubicin in cell nuclei. TVT-DOX showed selective toxicity toward CD13-expressing HUVEC, sparing the CD13-negative colon-cancer cells, HT-29. Additionally, the nontargeted counterpart of TVT-DOX, Caelyx, was less cytotoxic to the CD13-positive HUVECs demonstrating the advantages of NGR targeting in vitro. The antitumor activity of TVT-DOX was tested in nude mice bearing human prostate-cancer xenografts (PC3). A significant growth inhibition (up to 60%) of PC3 tumors in vivo was observed. Reduction of tumor vasculature following treatment with TVT-DOX was also apparent. We further compared the efficacies of TVT-DOX and free doxorubicin in the DOX-resistant colon-cancer model, HCT-116, and observed the more pronounced antitumor effects of the TVT-DOX formulation over free DOX. The potential utility of TVT-DOX in a variety of vascularized solid tumors is promising.

PSP94 (prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids), an abundant protein within semen, has reported local functions within the reproductive tract and reported systemic functions. Mechanisms of action remain poorly understood, but binding to undefined molecules within the prostate, pituitary, testis and blood may initiate some of these actions. PSP94 serum measurements, especially of bound and free forms, have potential clinical utility in prostate cancer management. Identification of the binding molecules will help in the understanding of PSP94's action, and enable further development of PSP94 serum assays. PSPBP (PSP94-binding protein) was purified from human serum by ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. The glycosylated protein ran as two bands on SDS/PAGE (70 and 95 kDa). N-terminal sequencing yielded a 30-amino-acid sequence, identical with the translated N-terminal region of a previously published cDNA (GenBank accession number AX136261). Reverse transcriptase PCR and plaque hybridization demonstrated PSPBP mRNA in peripheral blood leucocytes and in a prostate cDNA library. Northern blotting showed 2 kb mRNA species in prostate, testis, ovary and intestine. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated PSPBP in tissues, including pituitary and Leydig cells, supporting a role for PSP94 in hormonal control at the pituitary gonadal axis. ELISA demonstrated that PSPBP levels were significantly lower (P=0.0014) in the serum of a prostate cancer population (n=65) compared with a control population (n=70). PSPBP identification will help the understanding of PSP94's functions and facilitate ELISA development to address the clinical value of PSP94 serum assays.