CONTEXT:The human serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is calcium-dependent esterase and associates with the high density serum lipoproteins. PON1 plays a major role in oxidation of high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein and prevention of atherogenesis in coronary heart disease. PON1Q and R allele hydrolyses number of substrates like paraoxon (PO) (diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate) and phenylacetate.AIMS:The aim of the study is to the determination of Q192R polymorphism of PON1 by using non-toxic substrate p-nitrophenylacetate and compares it with the phenotype determined by using PO as substrate.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study group consists of 60 healthy normal patients. Paraoxonase activity was measured using the procedure described by Eckerson (Reference method) and for phenotyping; the ratio of hydrolysis of PO in the presence of 1 M NaCl (salt-stimulated PON1, SALT) to the hydrolysis of phenylacetate (PA) is calculated. In new method (Haagen et al.) arylesterase activity measured using p-nitrophenylacetate and for phenotyping arylesterase, the ratio of inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate (substrate) by phenyl acetate to non-inhibited hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylacetate (inhibited arylesterase activity (IA-IA0)/non-inhibited arylesterase activity (NIA).RESULTS:It was found that paraoxonase activity is trimodally distributed in both the methods. There is no significant difference in the distribution of PON1 phenotypes of both reference method and new method being frequencies 0.946 and 0.376 respectively and there was no significant difference for phenotypic polymorphism for an individual by both methods (χ2= 0.15 and P = 0.9262).CONCLUSION:The Q192R polymorphism of PON1 by using non-toxic substrate p-nitrophenylacetate showed trimodal distribution of QQ (homozygous), QR (heterozygous), and RR (homozygous) phenotype and it is comparable with reference method. This method can be used for PON1 phenotype in different pathological and complex disease conditions.
Background: Paraoxonase2 (PON2) is an intracellular protein and widely present in many tissues such as endothelial cell and heart. It plays a major role in prevention of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and reverses mildly oxidized LDL. PON2 plays an important role in antioxidation, antiatherosclerotic, and antiinflammatory function. The oxidative stress leading to ischemic cell death involves the formation of reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species through multiple injury mechanism. Aim: The aim of our study was to assess and correlate monocytic PON2 activity, lipid profile, and total oxidative stress in patients with ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods: The study population was included 50 ischemic stroke patients as cases and 50 healthy controls. The monocytic PON2 was measured spectrophotometrically using dihydrocoumarin as substrate. Serum lipid profile was estimated by established biochemical methods. Results: The monocytic PON2 activity showed significant decrease in case (P < 0.001) while total oxidative stress showed significantly increases in cases (P < 0.001). Serum total cholesterol is significantly increases in cases (P value <0.001) and serum HDL showed significant decrease in case (P < 0.005). Monocytic PON2 activity is significantly correlated with total oxidative stress (TOS) P =0.000). Multivariate logistic regression analysis used for prediction of risk of ischemic stroke contributed by various risk factor. The basic Model I shows significant P value and Naglekerke R 2 value is 0.479. When PON2 activity is added to the basic model in the Model II, Naglekerke R 2 value changes from 0.479 to 0.522, it also shows independent association of PON2 activity towards ischemic stroke. In linear regression analysis, significant positive correlation observed between PON2 and Ischemic stroke. PON2 lactonase activity was negatively correlated with total oxidative stress. Conclusion: Our study strongly suggests that the estimation monocytic PON2 and total oxidative stress give valuable information for prediction of risk of ischemic stroke due to cerebrovascular thromboembolism and may consider as risk factors.
Background: Formalin can lead to allergy, toxicity, and carcinomas. In the anatomy department, students get exposed to formalin either by inhaling it or by the skin as fluids containing formaldehyde may be absorbed. Formalin interacts with molecules on the cell membrane producing changes in the nuclei, changes in proteins, vacuolation of cytoplasm, and changes in DNA. Objective: To estimate the toxic effects of formalin on Ist year medical students. Methodology: The participants for this prospective cohort study will be Ist year M.B.B.S. students at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Sawangi (meghe), Wardha. The self-administered questionnaire will be given, and complete blood count and thyroid function tests will be done before the study. After cadaveric dissection, a repeat blood sample will be collected to estimate the complete blood count and thyroid function tests. Expected Results: Exposure to formalin may lead to abnormal values of complete blood count(CBC) and thyroid function tests (TFT). Conclusion: The study can focus on the toxic effects of formalin on Ist year M.B.B.S. students, which may necessitate reconsidering the formalin volume and ventilation issue in the dissecting halls. There should be regular assessment of working practices to control the effects of formalin at the department of Anatomy.
Context: The lesions of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses provides problem in their diagnosis, prognosis and management because of limited anatomical space and certain unusual clinicopathological features. Aims: The present study was undertaken to study the incidence & frequency of various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. It also aimed to describe the histomorphologic features of lesions of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Settings and Design: This is a simple retrospective observational study. Methods and Materials: The material for present study was obtained as excisional biopsy of the lesions. The specimens were received in 10% formalin along with requisition form which also included the clinical data. The material was processed as routine histopathological examination. Special stains were done wherever required. Results: Total 62 cases were analyzed. The lesions were classified as non-neoplastic and neoplastic. The non-neoplastic lesions were classified according to classification given by Friedman and Osborn. Tumors of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus were classified according to WHO classification and observations compared with other studies. Conclusions: Non-neoplastic lesions were more common than neoplastic lesions. Sinonasal polyps were the most common lesions in the present study (50%). The age incidence ranges from 1st decade to 7th decade. There was slight female preponderance. The incidence of malignant tumours was slightly more than the benign tumours. Thus categorizing the sinonasal lesions according to histopathological features into various types helps clinicians to know the clinical presentation, the best management, clinical outcome and prognosis of the disease. Keywords: Histopathology, Nasal, paranasal, Sinonasal, Polyp, WHO
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