Membrane and membrane skeleton proteins were examined in erythroid progenitor cells during terminal differentiation. The employed model system of erythroid differentiation was that in which proerythroblasts from mice infected with the anemia-inducing strain of Friend virus differentiate in vitro in response to erythropoietin (EP). With this system, developmentally homogeneous populations of cells can be examined morphologically and biochemically as they progress from proerythroblasts through enucleated reticulocytes. alpha and beta spectrins, the major proteins of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, are synthesized in the erythroblasts both before and after EP exposure. At all times large portions of the newly synthesized spectrins exist in and are turned over in the cytoplasm. The remaining newly synthesized spectrin is found in a cellular fraction containing total membranes. Pulse-chase experiments show that little of the cytoplasmic spectrins become membrane associated, but that the proportion of newly synthesized spectrin which is membrane associated increases as maturation proceeds. A membrane fraction enriched in plasma membranes has significant differences in the stoichiometry of spectrin accumulation as compared to total cellular membranes. Synthesis of band 3 protein, the anion transporter, is induced only after EP addition to the erythroblasts. All of the newly synthesized band 3 is membrane associated. A two-dimensional gel survey was conducted of newly synthesized proteins in the plasma membrane enriched fraction of the erythroblasts as differentiation proceeded. A majority of the newly synthesized proteins remain in the same proportion to each other during maturation; however, a few newly synthesized proteins greatly increase following EP induction while others decrease markedly. Of the radiolabeled proteins observed in two dimensional gels, only the spectrins, band 3 and actin become major proteins of the mature erythrocyte membrane. Examination of total proteins of the plasma membrane enriched fractions of EP-treated erythroblasts using silver staining and 32P autoradiography show that many proteins and phosphoproteins are selectively eliminated from this fraction late in the course of differentiation during the reticulocyte stage. The selective removal of many proteins at the reticulocyte stage of development combined with previous selective synthesis and accumulation of some specific proteins such as alpha and beta spectrin and band 3 in the differentiating erythroblasts lead to the final mammalian erythrocyte membrane structure.
Forty percent had functional abnormality; 16% had mucosal absorption abnormality while 30% required >1 readmission. Exocrine and endocrine insufficiencies were more prevalent in first year, and a significant proportion had both. A trend for higher functional insufficiency was observed in infected necrosis, complete or incomplete visualization of main pancreatic duct (MPD), dilated segment of MPD, and pseudocyst.
The role of protein and energy malnutrition in the pathogenesis of isoniazid (INH)-rifampicin (RMP) induced hepatic injury was investigated. Status of oxidative/antioxidative profile was the mechanistic approach to enumerate the nature of injury. Weanling rats were fed with ad-libitum quantity of isocaloric diets containing 5% casein based proteins for the production protein and energy malnutrition. INH and RMP (50 mg/kg of each) were injected intraperitonially for a period of two weeks. Analysis of serum transaminases and histopathological observations revealed hepatic injury. Hepatic thiols and blood glutathione were decreased significantly in INH and RMP treated groups. Among antioxidative enzymes, hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferases (against CDNB and DCNB substrates) showed significant decline of activities in INH and RMP treated groups. The activities of hepatic glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase (against EA substrate) and lipid peroxidation observed significant elevation. A careful comparison of protein and energy restriction revealed a greater degree of oxidative-stress of INH-RMP in protein-restriction.
Guava is a climacteric fruit so physico-chemical changes continuously occur after harvest till fruit become unfit for consumption and suffers from post harvest losses. The main objective of this work was to assess the effectiveness of individual film in form of Shrink and Cling wrap on shelf life of guava. Fruits were individually packed in polythene bags (LDPE) of 200 gauge thickness by Shrink and Cling wrapping and stored at 7±3°C. Individual wrapping reduced the magnitude of changes during storage i.e., ripening process drastically as evident from lower total soluble solids, higher ascorbic acid, polyphenol content with lower polyphenol oxidase activity and physiological loss of weight (PLW) was less than 3.5 %. Film wrapping preserved freshness of wrapped fruits as they remained acceptable for whole storage time in contrast to control fruits which turned unacceptable by 15 th day of storage. Control fruits showed significant compositional changes as well as in polyphenol content, ascorbic acid and reduced number of marketable fruits while Cling and Shrink wrapping enhanced the shelf life by 10 days.
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