A commonly held belief is that if people can benefit financially from enterprises that depend on nearby forests, reefs, and other natural habitats, then they will take action to conserve and sustainably use them. The Biodiversity Conservation Network brought together conservation and development organizations and local communities to systematically test this hypothesis across 39 conservation project sites in Asia and the Pacific. Each project implemented one or more community‐based enterprises such as setting up an ecotourism lodge, distilling essential oils from wild plant roots, producing jams and jellies from forest fruits, harvesting timber, or collecting marine samples to test for pharmaceutical compounds. Each project team collected the biological, enterprise, and social data necessary to test the network's hypothesis. We present the results of this test. We found that a community‐based enterprise strategy can lead to conservation, but only under limited conditions and never on its own. We summarize the specific conditions under which an enterprise strategy will and will not work in a decision chart that can be used by project managers to determine whether this strategy might make sense at their site. We also found that an enterprise strategy can be subsidized and still create a net gain that pays for conservation. Based on our experiences, we recommend developing “learning portfolios” that combine action and research to test other conservation strategies.
Surface water samples and lake bed sediments were collected and analyzed from Gosaikunda Lake within Langtang National Park (28˚05'N, 85˚25'E; 4380 m a.s.l.) in the central Himalayan region of Nepal during fall 2011. The major cations and anions in equivalents were present in the following order:, respectively. Sulfide oxidation coupled with carbonate dissolution and aluminosilicate dissolution appeared to be the dominant geochemical processes determining lake water dissolved ions. Sulfate concentration was much higher than the alkalinity which is in contrast to glacier meltwater within the same landscape. Alkalinity primarily as bicarbonate contributes 88.6% to the total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) followed by carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and carbonate (CO 3 ) in surface water samples. Organic carbon contributes 0.3% to 5.4% to the sediments and the organic matter is predominantly of aquatic origin. The lake is under saturated with carbon dioxide and the average partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2 ) appeared quite low (43.4 µatm). Overall, natural biogeochemical processes regulate the chemical species within the lake ecosystem. The lake is oligotrophic, however, nutrients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations are enhanced at the near shore sites close to the tracking trail.
IT/ITeS industry in India got tremendous boost in the past decade due to factors like liberalisation and globalisation of the Indian economy coupled with favourable government policies. This sector of the sunshine industry brought a new work environment and sea changes in the employment trends. Service providers characterized this sector by adhering to strict deadlines set by their customers, working in different time zones, interdependency in teams, multitasking, increased interaction with offshore clients and extended work hours. IT/ITeS professionals are constantly under pressure to deliver the services efficiently as well as to remain cost effective. The customer expectation in terms of skills required for processing jobs keeps changing and forces professionals to upgrade/adapt very fast to their demands. At times IT/ITeS professionals are forced to change the entire paradigms amidst constant uncertainty and high risk. These working conditions lead to high stress in the professionals. Organisations have started recognising high stress as a worthy area to address growing attrition rate prevalent in this sector. The research attempts to study the stress faced by IT/ITeS professionals (age group 22–28 years). Instrument on General Role Stress developed and standardized by Udai Pareek, was administered to 120 IT/ITeS professionals. The instrument measured level of four stressors viz. SRD, IRD, RB & Pin. Analysis of data rejected the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the four stressors; level of RB was significantly higher.
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, an uncommon lesion of bone and extraskeletal tissue, is rare in the orbit. A case of extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the orbit in a 28‐year‐old woman presenting with proptosis and diminution of vision in the left eye is reported. Histologically, the tumor showed areas of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with islands of cartilage. Immunohistochemical analysis for S‐100 protein showed focal positivity in chondroid areas. The eye was preserved and the patient has good vision after 2 years of follow‐up.
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