Some energy services and industrial processes-such as long-distance freight transport, air travel, highly reliable electricity, and steel and cement manufacturing-are particularly difficult to provide without adding carbon dioxide (CO) to the atmosphere. Rapidly growing demand for these services, combined with long lead times for technology development and long lifetimes of energy infrastructure, make decarbonization of these services both essential and urgent. We examine barriers and opportunities associated with these difficult-to-decarbonize services and processes, including possible technological solutions and research and development priorities. A range of existing technologies could meet future demands for these services and processes without net addition of CO to the atmosphere, but their use may depend on a combination of cost reductions via research and innovation, as well as coordinated deployment and integration of operations across currently discrete energy industries.

Extracellular stimuli promote, at the transcriptional level, expression of a variety of immediate-early-response genes (IEGs). Many IEGs encode transcription factors which, in turn, influence the expression of secondary response genes (52). The products of secondary response genes contribute to the phenotypic response of the cell to extracellular stimuli. The prototypical IEG, c-fos (24), is activated by a variety of stimuli including activators of protein kinase C (8, 19), agents that increase intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels (3, 49), membrane depolarization or excitatory neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, that trigger an increase in intracellular levels of Ca 2ϩ (1,25,38,54), and peptide growth factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), that activate receptor tyrosine kinases (20, 23). In the upstream regulatory region of the c-fos gene, several cis-acting DNA sequences that mediate stimulus-dependent transcription of c-fos have been identified. These include at least three cAMP response elements (CREs) located 67, 293, and 343 nucleotides upstream of the transcriptional start site (3) and the serum response element (SRE) centered approximately 300 nucleotides upstream of the transcriptional start site (47,59,60). Transcription factors of the basic leucine zipper (B-ZIP) family such as CREB (CRE-binding protein) can bind to CRE-like elements (37). Likewise, the SRE can bind many factors (59); the best characterized is a ternary complex composed of a serum response factor (SRF) dimer and one p62 TCF (ternary complex factor) molecule (reviewed in references 9 and 58). In transient transfection experiments, CREB, SRF, and p62 TCF were found to be capable of mediating stimulus-dependent transcription of c-fos.While the CREs within the promoters of c-fos and other IEGs are critical for stimulus-dependent transcription, it is unclear which trans-acting factors bind to these cis elements in vivo. The consensus CRE is 5Ј-TGAC:GTCA-3Ј, where the center of the dyad is marked by a colon. This DNA sequence may be bound by homodimer or heterodimer combinations of a variety of B-ZIP transcription factors including CREB homodimers (29), CREB-ATF heterodimers (37), and dimers consisting of other ATF family transcription factors (26). In addition, structurally related cis elements consisting of the same dyad half site (XXX:GTCA) exist. A TPA response element (TRE), or AP-1 site, is similar in sequence to the CRE with one of the central GC pairs of the CRE deleted, resulting in a pseudopalindromic site (consensus: TGA:GTCA). The TRE is thought to be bound by a B-ZIP heterodimer consisting of a Fos family member and a Jun family member (39).Detailed experiments in vitro indicate that B-ZIP proteins are promiscuous in their DNA binding. For example, a Fra1-JunD heterodimer, a Jun-ATF-2 heterodimer, or a Jun-ATF-3 heterodimer can bind to a CRE better than to a TRE

The aim of this study were (1) To correlate koilocytosis with high risk HPV(HrHPV) DNA in urinary bladder carcinoma and (2) To compare detection of koilocytosis on tissue sections and urine cytology. Biopsy and cytologic specimens from 33 patients of urinary bladder carcinoma were analyzed. HPV DNA was detected by PCR on biopsy specimens using consensus primers MY09 and MY11. Koilocytosis was assessed both on tissue sections and urine cytology. HrHPV DNA was found in 14 of 33 bladder carcinoma. Koilocytosis was seen in tissue sections from 13 patients. Eleven of these were HrHPV DNA positive (positive predictive value 84.6%). Koilocytosis was seen in urine cytology in three patients. All three were positive for HrHPV DNA. To conclude koilocytosis is a good morphological marker for HrHPV DNA in the urothelium. Tissue sections are better than cytologic smears for detection of koilocytes.

This article presents an enhanced methodology for cutting torque prediction from the spindle motor current, readily available in modern machine tool controllers. This methodology includes the development of the spindle power model which takes into account all mechanical and electrical power losses in a spindle motor for high-speed milling. The predicted cutting torque is further used to identify tangential cutting force coefficients in order to predict accurately the cutting forces and chatter-free regions for milling process planning purposes. The developed model is compared with other studies available in the literature, and it demonstrates significant improvements in terms of the completeness and accuracy achieved. The developed model is also validated experimentally, and the obtained results show good compliance between the predicted and the measured cutting torque. The developed enhanced procedure is very appealing for industrial implementation for cutting torque/force monitoring and tangential cutting force coefficient identification.

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This study was done on 59 subjects (42 urinary bladder carcinoma patients and 17 non-neoplastic controls). Urine cytology and bladder chek NMP22 test was done on all cases. CK20 immunostaining was performed on archived papanicolaou stained urine cytology smears in 34 cases (27 bladder carcinoma and 7 negative controls). Results of all three tests (cytology, NMP22, and CK20 immunostaining) were compared with histopathology to evaluate the accuracy of individual test. The combination of cytology and NMP22 was compared with combination of cytology and CK20 immunostaining for detection of bladder carcinoma. NMP22 had sensitivity of 92.9% and specificity of 70.6%, as compared with voided urine cytology (sensitivity of 76.2% and specificity of 76.5%) and CK20 immunostaining (sensitivity of 70.4% and specificity of 71.4%). Combination of cytology and NMP22 gave better results (sensitivity of 88.1% and specificity of 88.2%) than combination of cytology and CK20 immunostaining or any other test in isolation.

Odontogenic carcinoma is rare group of malignant epithelial odontogenic neoplasms with characteristic clinical behavior and histological features, which requires an aggressive surgical approach. The pathogenesis of this rare group remains still controversial and there have been many varied opinions over the classification of this rare group of lesions. As there have not been many reviews on odontogenic carcinoma, the existing knowledge is mostly derived from the published case reports. This review is discussing the pathogenetic mechanisms and is updating the knowledge on nomenclature system of less explored odontogenic carcinomas. This review might throw light on the pathogenesis and nomenclature system of odontogenic carcinoma and this knowledge may be applied therapeutically.

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