Aim: 3D printing made a rapid entry as a means of production of biocompatible and biodegradable materials for tissue engineering applications. 3D printing made it possible to create custom biodegradable implants and polylactic acid is one of the most promising polymers. In this study, we aimed to form both bone and cartilage differentiated from bone marrow stromal mesenchymal stem cells on 3D printed polylactic acid polymers.Materials and Methods: The polylactic acid scaffolds were designed, 3D printed and sterilized in dedicated university facilities. Mesenchymal stem cells were collected from rat bone marrow and were then differentiated to either osteoblasts or chondroblasts. The characterization of cells was analyzed using Alizarin Red, Alcian blue staining and osteonectin and collagen II by indirect immunocytochemistry. Differentiated cells were seeded on the 3D scaffold, cultured for 2 weeks. For in vivo tests, 3D scaffolds with or without differentiated bone marrow stromal mesenchymal stem cells were implanted into subcutaneous connective tissue. After the four-month implantation, the rats were sacrificed, and all samples were histochemically and immunohistochemically analyzed.Results: Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation from bone marrow stromal mesenchymal stem cells were performed after 2 weeks culture condition. They were positively stained both histochemically and immunohistochemically. After transfer of the cells onto 3D polylactic acid scaffold, their differentiation continued and both bone and cartilage formation were observed after histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses both under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Conclusion: 3D printed polylactic acid scaffolds supported both bone and cartilage formation, therefore, it may be conveniently used for experimental cell in vivo studies.
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