Single and combined antibacterial activities of cumin, cardamom, and dill weed essential oils against Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and mixed cultures were determined by using the broth microdilution method for determining minimum inhibition concentrations. Among the bacteria tested, C. coli and C. jejuni were generally more susceptible to essential oils, with lower minimum inhibition concentrations. The minimum inhibition concentration values were obtained against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria tested within the range of 0.012–15.00 and 3.75–15.00 μL/mL, respectively. Fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) were also calculated to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of essential oil combinations. Although the combined effects of essential oils changed depending on the strain and the type of essential oils used, generally the use of combinations increased the efficacy of the essential oils. Interestingly, according to the FIC index, the most synergetic effect was against C. coli and C. jejuni. This study has demonstrated the potential use of cardamom, cumin, and dill weed essential oils, and their combinations, against important pathogenic bacteria and their mixed cultures.

Introduction Behçet syndrome (BS) is a chronic, multisystemic inflammatory condition with unanswered questions regarding its pathogenesis and rational therapeutics. A microarray‐based comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of BS and identify any potential therapeutic targets. Methods Twenty‐nine BS patients (B) and 15 age and sex‐matched control subjects (C) were recruited. Patients were grouped as mucocutaneous (M), ocular (O), and vascular (V) according to their clinical phenotypes. GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays were used for expression profiling on peripheral blood samples of the patients and the control subjects. Following documentation of the differentially expressed gene (DEG) sets, the data were further evaluated with bioinformatics analysis, visualization, and enrichment tools. Validation of the microarray data was performed using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results When p ≤ 0.05 and fold change ≥2.0 were chosen, the following numbers of DEGs were obtained; B versus C: 28, M versus C: 20, O versus C: 8, V versus C: 555, M versus O: 6, M versus V: 324, O versus V: 142. Venn diagram analysis indicated only two genes, CLEC12A and IFI27 , in the intersection of M versus C ∩ O versus C ∩ V versus C. Another noteworthy gene appeared as CLC in the DEG sets. Cluster analyses successfully clustered distinct clinical phenotypes of BS. While innate immunity‐related processes were enriched in the M group, adaptive immunity‐specific processes were significantly enriched in the O and V groups. Conclusions Distinct clinical phenotypes of BS patients displayed distinct expression profiles. In Turkish BS patients, expression differences regarding the genes CLEC12A , IFI27 , and CLC seemed to be operative in the disease pathogenesis. Based on these findings, future research should consider the immunogenetic heterogeneity of BS clinical phenotypes. Two anti‐inflammatory genes, namely CLEC12A and CLC , may be valuable as therapeutic targets and may also help design an experimental model in BS.