Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disease characterized by cerebral neuronal degeneration and loss in a progressive manner. Amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain is toxic to neurons, being a main risk factor for initiation and continuation of cognitive deterioration in AD. Neurotoxicity of Aβ origin is also linked to oxidative stress characterized by excessive lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, changes in antioxidant systems, and cerebral DNA damage in AD. Furthermore, Aβ can induce oxidative neuronal cell death by a mitochondrial dysfunction. Cellular injury caused by oxidative stress can be possibly prevented by boosting or promoting bodily oxidative defense system by supplying antioxidants in diet or as medications. However, most synthetic antioxidants are found to have cytotoxicity, which prevents their safe use, and limits their administration. For this reason, more attention has been paid to the natural non-toxic antioxidants. One of the most promising groups of non-toxic antioxidative compounds is thought to be polysaccharides. This study investigated the characterization and protective action exerted by exopolysaccharides (EPSs) originated from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B3 and Lactobacillus plantarum GD2 to protect from apoptotic activity exerted by Aβ 1-42 among SH-SY5Y cells. We characterized EPSs by elemental analysis, FTIR, AFM, SEM, and XRD. The antioxidant effects of EPSs were determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, metal ion chelating activity, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity, and superoxide anion scavenging activity method. The protective effects of EPSs were determined by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Mannose ratio, molecular weight, functional groups, surface morphology, and amorphous character structure of EPSs are thought to play a role in the protective effect of EPSs. EPSs reduced apoptotic activity of Aβ 1-42 in addition to their depolarizing effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in concentration-dependent manner. These observations contribute the inclusion of EPSs among the therapeutic options used to manage various neurological disorders in the traditional medicine in a scientific manner, indicating that EPSs may be promising natural chemical constituents that need advanced research and development for pharmacological therapy of AD. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disease characterized by cerebral neuronal degeneration and loss in a progressive manner; these events show parallelism with two most striking neuropathological signs of AD, i.e. the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques 1. Amyloid beta (Aβ) fibrils are formed in multiple steps, which follow the monomeric Aβs being oligomerized and aggregated, where the peptide goes through a conformational change from an alpha-helical to a beta-pleated sheet architecture. It has been recently shown that cerebral neurotoxicity arises from the effects of soluble oligomers of Aβ 2. Multiple studies both performed in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that Aβ ...
SummaryEnzyme substitution therapy with the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is a new approach to the treatment of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. We assessed the PAL enzyme of the endemic plant Cyathobasis fruticulosa (Bunge) Aellen. for its possible role in the dietary treatment of PKU. The enzyme was found to have a high activity of (64.9±0.1) U/ mg, with the optimum pH, temperature and buff er (Tris-HCl and l-phenylalanine) concentration levels of pH=8.8, 37 °C and 100 mM, respectively. Optimum enzyme activity was achieved at pH=4.0 and 7.5, corresponding to pH levels of gastric and intestinal juice, and NaCl concentration of 200 mM. The purifi cation of the enzyme by 1.87-fold yielded an activity of 98.6 U/mg. PAL activities determined by HPLC analyses before and aft er purification were similar. Two protein bands, one at 70 and the other at 23 kDa, were determined by Western blot analysis of the enzyme. This enzyme is a potential candidate for serial production of dietary food and biotechnological products.
This study aimed to find a pigment of bacterial origin with protective/preventive activity against neurological injury and carcinogenesis, which may be used as a natural food additive in food activity or an active drug ingredient of an anti-neural injury/anticancer agent in the pharmaceutical industry. Within this scope, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa MB713 strain was used to produce pyocyanin. Characterization of the pyocyanin was carried out using UV-VIS, FT-IR, and GC-MS analyses. In addition, its inhibitory action on AChE and antioxidant activities were determined. The cytotoxic activities of the pyocyanin as well as its antiproliferative activities were detected. It was determined that the maximum production of the pyocyanin (51 μg/mL). The pyocyanin did not cause a cell death rate above 50% in L929 cells. The pyocyanin was found to exert an inhibitory effect on the AChE. The pyocyanin was found effective on all antioxidant parameters tested. The IC50 values of the pyocyanin on SK-MEL-30 and HT-29 cells were calculated as 72 and 179 μM, respectively. And due to the pyocyanin's antioxidant and inhibitory effects on AChE, antiproliferative effects, and protective effects against neurodegenerative injury, the use of the pyocyanin as HIGHLIGHTS• The maximum production of the pyocyanin was found to occur in MFDM and with shaking.• UV-VIS spectroscopy, GC-MS, and FT-IR analyses showed the presence of pyocyanin.• Pyocyanin had no cytotoxic impact on L929 cells (except 50-100 μM concentrations).• Pyocyanin had an antiproliferative impact on SK-MEL-30 cells.• Pyocyanin had in vitro and cellular AChE inhibitory and antioxidant properties.• The use of the pyocyanin as a neuroprotective agent or an anticancer agent is advised.
Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases have been exposed to excess risk by the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19’s main manifestations include high body temperature, dry cough, and exhaustion. Nevertheless, some affected individuals may have an atypical presentation at diagnosis but suffer neurological signs and symptoms as the first disease manifestation. These findings collectively show the neurotropic nature of SARS-CoV-2 virus and its ability to involve the central nervous system. In addition, Alzheimer’s disease and COVID-19 has a number of common risk factors and comorbid conditions including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and the expression of APOE ε4. Until now, a plethora of studies have examined the COVID-19 disease but only a few studies has yet examined the relationship of COVID-19 and Alzheimer’s disease as risk factors of each other. This review emphasizes the recently published evidence on the role of the genes of early- or late-onset Alzheimer’s disease in the susceptibility of individuals currently suffering or recovered from COVID-19 to Alzheimer’s disease or in the susceptibility of individuals at risk of or with Alzheimer’s disease to COVID-19 or increased COVID-19 severity and mortality. Furthermore, the present review also draws attention to other uninvestigated early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease genes to elucidate the relationship between this multifactorial disease and COVID-19.
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