The purpose of this study was to prepare hydrogels and microemulsion (ME)-based gel formulations containing 1% terbinafine hydrochloride (TER-HCL) and to evaluate the use of these formulations for the antifungal treatment of fungal infections. Three different hydrogel formulations were prepared using chitosan, Carbopol® 974 and Natrosol® 250 polymers. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed, and starting from ME formulation, a ME gel form containing 1% Carbopol 974 was prepared. We also examined the characteristic properties of the prepared hyrogels. The physical stability of hydrogels and the ME -based gels were evaluated after storage at different temperatures for a period of 3 months. The release of TER-HCL from the gels and the commercial product (Lamisil®) was carried out by using a standard dialysis membrane in phosphate buffer (pH 5.2) at 32 °C. The results of the in vitro release study showed that the Natrosol gel released the highest amount of drug, followed by Carbopol gel, chitosan gel, commercial product, and the microoemulsion-based gel in that order. In vitro examination of antifungal activity revealed that all the prepared and commercial products were effective against Candida parapsilosis, Penicillium, Aspergillus niger and Microsporum. These results indicate that the Natrosol®-based hydrogel is a good candidate for the topical delivery of TER-HCL.
Düşük atmosferik zayıflamaları nedeniyle 28 GHz ve 38 GHz frekansları 5G teknolojisi için önemli iki frekans bantları olarak bu çalışmanın temelini oluşturmuştur. Farklı besleme yöntemleri ve bant genişliği arttırma tekniklerinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada dikdörtgen mikroşerit antenlerin HFSS programı ortamında benzetim çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Dikdörtgen yama üzerine açılan yarıklar ile çift bantta rezonansa giren dikdörtgen mikroşerit anten farklı besleme yöntemi ve ilave teknikler ile bant genişliği arttırılmıştır. 28 ve 38 GHz frekanslarında çalışan dikdörtgen mikroşerit antenin en yüksek bant genişliği, toprak yüzeyinin bozulmuş olduğu ve iki alttaşa sahip yakınlık kuplajlı besleme yapısı ile elde edilmiştir. 28 GHz ve 38 GHz frekansları için elde edilen bant genişlikleri sırasıyla 4.79 GHz ve 5.67 GHz olarak HFSS benzetim programıyla hesaplanmıştır. Dikdörtgen mikroşerit antenin çift frekans için kazanç değerleri ise sırasıyla 8.16 dB ve 7.06 dB olarak bulunmuştur.
A combined T-matrix algorithm and vector radiative transfer layered precipitation model has been used to analyze scattering from rain column. The raindrop is modeled as spheroid with complex permittivity. The phase matrices for differential layers rain-drop scattering within the rain column are computed using the T-matrix approach, and backscattering from the entire rain column that accounts for multiple-scattering and boundary interactions are determined by solving the vector radiative transfer equations. Model analyses and some data comparisons were conducted at Ku-Band using published measured/observed parameters. Results show that model predictions agree well with published TRMM measurements. More extensive model validation and analyses will be provided in the full paper.
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