Paul Bert est un homme politique français incontournable du début de la IIIe République. Scientifique reconnu, républicain et ministre de l’Instruction publique du cabinet de Gambetta, il joue un rôle considérable dans la politique éducative et culturelle de la France par la mise en place des lois Jules Ferry. L’homme est aussi connu pour sa rédaction de manuels scolaires. L’analyse détaillée des manuels scolaires conçus par Paul Bert permet de comprendre le modèle corporel qui est donné à suivre à la jeunesse française. Que ce soit dans le discours de l’auteur ou dans l’iconographie qui l’accompagne, le corps est érigé en flambeau de la solution démocratique. Dans les manuels scolaires conçus par ce scientifique, le « corps républicain » représenté porte toujours la marque des normes sociales et culturelles qui lui sont imposées, autant de contraintes qui s’affichent comme les conditions sine qua non de son émancipation citoyenne future.
Created by Hergé in 1929, Tintin is a truly successful publication, since these comic books have been translated into about a hundred languages and published throughout the world during the 20th century. Several studies have already been conducted on Tintin. However, the place and role of physical and sports activities practiced by this tireless journalist in the promotion of these highly sustainable activities have never been analyzed. Through both quantitative and qualitative analyses (descriptions, counts, frequencies and percentages), this work studies all the panels of the 23 albums of Tintin’s adventures dealing with any form of physical exercise or sport. The results indicate that the representation of physical and sporting activity in Tintin’s adventures remains steady and consistent from the first (1931) to the last book (1976). Thus, Hergé had never ceased to believe in the beneficial, physiological, psychological, moral and social effects of physical activity on his young, tireless hero. To summarize, the eternally youthful and perfectly fit, Tintin leads both his core band and occasional characters and may serve as a role model influencing young 20th century readers toward the benefits of an active lifestyle.
Jean Graton created a series of comic books called Michel Vaillant, and its motorsports hero bore the same name. Michel Vaillant made his first appearance in 1957 in the weekly Tintin. Young French boys who loved adventure, sports and car racing greeted this publication with great enthusiasm. We studied the first series of Michel Vaillant, composed of 16 comic books produced in the 1960s. We have departed from traditional approaches and have based our method on the analysis of the sources of Graton's inspiration. We link these sources to the comics' text bubbles, visual signs and iconic meanings of the drawings. Our analysis of the comics' iconography based on the establishment of a mass culture dedicated to the automobile brings to light the existence of an urge to go beyond the limits of tradition. Our research highlights that the success of Michel Vaillant is due, in the main, to the series' detailed knowledge of the automobile sports industry, and to the myths of speed, youth and progress that it promulgatesmyths in which its young male readers could see themselves reflected and which would also prepare them for the future.
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