Uso y control de calidad de desinfectantes en esquemas de bioseguridad, para la prevención y contención de la marchitez por Fusarium Raza 4 Tropical resume el trabajo desarrollado por el ICA, AGROSAVIA y los gremios desde la llegada del marchitamiento por Foc R4T a plantaciones de banano en Colombia, con relación al uso correcto de desinfectantes, tanto en los esquemas de bioseguridad de las fincas afectadas y libres de la enfermedad, como en los puestos de control y lavado instalados por la Organización Nacional de Protección Fitosanitaria y los gremios. Se describen los principios de la dispersión del patógeno y las estrategias para mitigarlos; asimismo, se presenta un análisis de la evaluación microbiológica del funcionamiento de los esquemas de bioseguridad en el país. Además, se recoge de forma didáctica la información acerca de los métodos de evaluación de desinfectantes comerciales y los resultados validados para diferentes productos comerciales en Colombia. Los datos que contiene el manual se pueden usar en países de América Latina y El Caribe para el establecimiento de sus estrategias de bioseguridad, así como de los centros de investigación para las metodologías de evaluación de desinfectantes. Este documento se adapta a un público objetivo amplio: productores, asistentes técnicos, profesionales del agro y tomadores de decisiones, los cuales están involucrados con el sector bananero o platanicultor y orientados a la implementación de estrategias de bioseguridad en estos sistemas productivos.
Endophytes microorganisms have the potential to control vascular diseases caused by Fusarium spp. which does not have an effective chemical control. In this study, endophytes populations present in Manzano -apple bananas-affected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 were studied. Endophytes were isolated in two commercial farms in Urabá-Colombia, taking leaf, pseudostem, corm and root tissues from healthy and diseased plants. Two disinfestation methods were used: conventional (2% hypochlorite + 70% Ethanol) and chlorine gas (6.25% sodium hypochlorite + 37% hydrochloric acid). 143 isolates with 11 genera were obtained from healthy plants with the following frequencies: Fusarium sp. (18.67%), Nigrospora sp. (8%), mycelia sterilia (48%), among others. Also, eight genera were found in diseased plants, Fusarium sp. (23.53%), Colletotrichum sp. (17.76%), mycelia sterilia (47.06%). All endophytic fungi are ascomycetes, except for Pythium sp., oomycete that was isolated only from diseased plants. Pythium sp. which, was isolated from healthy plants, constitutes the first reports in musaceas. According to the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices, a higher diversity of fungi was found in healthy plants (0.282 and 1.729) than in infected ones (0.294 and 1.532); it depends on disinfection method as demonstrated here, suggesting that tissue cleaning and disinfection methodologies modulate the microbial populations obtained. This work contrasted endophytic fungi in symptomatic plants attacked by Foc R1 with healthy plants and also the genus of endophytic fungi described in this study have already been reported in previous research in Musa, except for the oomycete Pythium
The effect of volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (KLa) on the biomass and the commercial interest biomolecules production, was studied in the Ganoderma lucidum submerged culture using a lowcost complex medium. The batch culture was carried out in a 14 L stirred tank bioreactor, a KLa initial value set at 5.3 h -1 had a positive effect on exopolysaccharides production, achieving a maximum concentration of 1.15 g/L, under this condition, biomass production was negatively affected. An increase in the KLa initial values between 17.3 -32.8 h -1 , allowed us to obtain a culture with better oxygen and nutrients transfer conditions. These values improved the kinetic carbohydrate uptake, fungal growth, and enabled the adequate supply of oxygen for a long time, achieving a maximum biomass concentration of 9.8 g/L. Under these conditions, the average production of exopolysaccharides is 0.46 g/L, and crude protein extract production was around 0.3 g/L. The complex medium (made from barley flour) used in this study is a low-cost medium that showed great potential for the replacement of synthetic high-cost media that are conventionally used in Ganoderma lucidum submerged cultures in a stirred tank bioreactor.
Para la identificación de la simbiosis entre la raíz y hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA), se reportan metodologías con variaciones en concentraciones de reactivos, temperatura y tiempo de exposición en la tinción, lo que no siempre se ajusta a la necesidad de cultivos específicos debido a la variación en las estructuras de las raíces. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estandarizar una metodología para identificación de colonización micorrícica en cultivos de banano con una forma práctica y ágil. La investigación se desarrolló durante el segundo semestre del 2022 en el municipio de Apartadó-Antioquia. Se establecieron 4 tratamientos que consistieron en la evaluación con y sin inoculación micorrícica con dos técnicas de decoloración cada uno (con y sin sometimiento a baño María). Se evaluó un total de 108 placas (54/técnica) donde se identificó porcentaje de colonización, visibilidad, vesículas y arbúsculos. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar. La información se procesó con el software R Studio 2022.02. Se obtuvo un ANAVA y comparación de medias con un análisis post-hoc de Tukey y Kruskal-Wallis con un nivel de confianza del 95%. En todos los casos se encontró simbiosis, se identificaron diferencias estadísticas en porcentaje de colonización con valores entre 46,8% - 90,2%; arbúsculos entre 12,1 - 338,0 unidades y porcentaje de visibilidad del 100% en tratamientos sometidos a baño María, resaltando la necesidad del sometimiento a calor en raíces de banano para favorecer la decoloración, tinción y visibilidad debido a su arquitectura.
Fusarium wilt is the greatest threat to Musaceae production worldwide; remote sensing techniques based on reflectance spectroscopy are proposed for its detection. The spectral response of leaves of healthy plants and plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race1 (Foc R1) from two banana cultivars during the incubation period of the disease were characterized. Spectra of 400-1000 nm were measured in healthy and Foc R1-infected plants on Gros Michel (GM: susceptible) and Williams (W: resistant) bananas with an Ocean Optics HR2000+ portable spectrometer. Similar general patterns were obtained in the spectra for both cultivars for the Vis, around 25% in the green region, but, as the foliar development progressed, reflectance decreased throughout the entire spectral range, close to 12.5% (green region of Vis range) on leaf 4 of both. Four wavelengths were discriminant for the healthy plants in the cultivars. Additionally, reflectance increased in the infected plants in the incubation period throughout the range, decreasing rapidly once the first visible symptoms appeared. The results suggested that an increase in reflectance at discriminating wavelengths can be used to diagnose diseased plants in the asymptomatic period, and a rapid decrease in this suggests the onset of the symptomatic phase.
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