The operational sex ratio (OSR) and density are considered important factors affecting the strength of sexual selection. Although there is increasing evidence that OSR and density affect the potential for sexual selection, few studies have addressed whether this is realized in phenotypic selection and how the two factors interact. We manipulated OSR (three levels) and male density (two levels) in 36 experimental breeding populations of Gobiusculus flavescens-a fish with paternal care. We measured mating competition behavior, the opportunity for selection (I), and selection on four morphological traits in males. We found sexual selection on two male traits, with the strongest selection being 20% of I. As predicted from OSR theory, increasing female scarcity caused males to become more competitive, concomitant with an increase in I and selection on morphological traits. Model simulations of I based on random mating (I min ) and maximum mate monopolization (I max ) demonstrated that the potential for sexual selection was close to its theoretical maximum across the range of OSRs. However, male density and its interaction with the OSR did not affect sexual selection. We argue that a multifaceted approach, combining mating behavior and selection analyses, can help us to understand how ecological factors affect sexual selection.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) can be used to detect the presence and abundance of aquatic organisms from water samples. Before implementing this methodology as a tool for monitoring, more knowledge is needed on variation in eDNA concentrations in relation to species abundance and potential confounding factors. Shedding and decay of eDNA may vary extensively over the season and are dependent on environmental factors such as water temperature and on biological processes such as activity level and reproduction. In lotic systems, eDNA concentrations are also affected by downstream transport of eDNA. Sessile freshwater mussels provide an ideal study system for investigating the relationship between species spatial distribution and eDNA concentrations in lotic systems. We quantified freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) eDNA concentrations at four localities in a natural river with detailed knowledge of mussel spatial distribution: (a) upstream of the known species distribution, just downstream (b) a small and (c) a large aggregation and (d) 1,700 m downstream of the large aggregation. To study seasonal variation, we quantified eDNA concentrations during three periods: (a) in late spring, with cold water and relatively inactive mussels; (b) in mid-summer, with higher water temperature and active mussel filtration; and (c) in late summer, during the release of larvae.Species detection was highly reliable, with no detection of eDNA upstream of the species distribution and complete detection downstream of the large aggregation.Detection success of the small aggregation was low, with 13% of the samples testing positive. Downstream transport was efficient, with no significant decrease in eDNA concentrations over 1,700 m river distance. Seasonal variation was strong, with a 20-fold increase in eDNA concentrations from late spring to late summer, during reproduction. Our results highlight both the potential and challenges of eDNA monitoring in lotic systems. K E Y W O R D Sconservation genetics, environmental DNA, freshwater mussels, species detection, unionidae | 65 WACKER Et Al.
The strength of sexual selection may vary between species, among populations and within populations over time. While there is growing evidence that sexual selection may vary between years, less is known about variation in sexual selection within a season. Here, we investigate within-season variation in sexual selection in male two-spotted gobies (Gobiusculus flavescens). This marine fish experiences a seasonal change in the operational sex ratio from male- to female-biased, resulting in a dramatic decrease in male mating competition over the breeding season. We therefore expected stronger sexual selection on males early in the season. We sampled nests and nest-holding males early and late in the breeding season and used microsatellite markers to determine male mating and reproductive success. We first analysed sexual selection associated with the acquisition of nests by comparing nest-holding males to population samples. Among nest-holders, we calculated the potential strength of sexual selection and selection on phenotypic traits. We found remarkable within-season variation in sexual selection. Selection on male body size related to nest acquisition changed from positive to negative over the season. The opportunity for sexual selection among nest-holders was significantly greater early in the season rather than late in the season, partly due to more unmated males. Overall, our study documents a within-season change in sexual selection that corresponds with a predictable change in the operational sex ratio. We suggest that many species may experience within-season changes in sexual selection and that such dynamics are important for understanding how sexual selection operates in the wild.
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