Aim The aim of the present randomized, controlled trial was to compare the impact of the regular use of a fluoride‐free microcrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAP) dentifrice and a 1400 ppm fluoride control dentifrice on caries progression in 150 highly caries‐active orthodontic patients. Methods The primary outcome was the occurrence of lesions with International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) ≥code 1 on the vestibular surfaces of teeth 15‐25 within 168 days after fixation of orthodontic brackets. Secondary outcomes were lesion development ICDAS ≥code 2, the plaque index, and the gingival index. Results In total, 147 patients were included in the intent‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis; 133 finished the study per protocol (PP). An increase in enamel caries ICDAS ≥code 1 was observed in 56.8% (ITT) and 54.7% (PP) of the HAP group participants compared with 60.9% (ITT) and 61.6% (PP) of the fluoride control group. Non‐inferiority testing (ITT and PP) demonstrated the absence of a significant difference between the groups. No significant differences in secondary outcomes were observed between the groups. Conclusion In highly caries‐active patients, the impact of the regular use of a microcrystalline HAP dentifrice on caries progression is not significantly different from the use of a 1400 ppm fluoride toothpaste (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02705456).

ObjectiveClassifications of posture deviations are only possible compared with standard values. However, standard values have been published for healthy male adults but not for female adults.DesignObservational study.SettingInstitute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main.Participants106healthy female volunteers (21–30 years old; 25.1±2.7 years) were included. Their body weight ranged from 46 to 106 kg (60.3±7.9 kg), the heights from 1.53 to 1.82 m (1.69±0.06 m) and the body mass index from 16.9 kg/m² to 37.6 kg/m² (21.1±2.6 kg/m²).Outcome measuresA three-dimensional back scan was performed to measure the upper back posture in habitual standing. The tolerance ranges and CI were calculated. Group differences were tested by the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U test.ResultsIn normal posture, the spinal column was marginally twisted to the left, and the vertebrae were marginally rotated to the right. The kyphosis angle is larger than the lumbar angle. Consequently, a more kyphotic posture is observed in the sagittal plane. The habitual posture is slightly scoliotic with a rotational component (scapular depression right, right scapula marginally more dorsally, high state of pelvic right, iliac right further rotated anteriorly).ConclusionsHealthy young women have an almost ideally balanced posture with minimal ventral body inclination and a marginal scoliotic deviation. Compared with young males, women show only marginal differences in the upper body posture. These values allow a comparison to other studies, both for control and patient data, and may serve as guideline in both clinical practice and scientific studies.

ObjectiveMany people of all ages suffer from vertigo due to different reasons. The comparison of patient data with standard values can highlight deteriorations or changes in postural control and thus indicate, for example, an increased risk of falling. Our aim is to measure standard values for the postural control of young healthy women.DesignObservational study.SettingInstitute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main.Participants106 healthy German female subjects aged between 21 and 30 years (25±2.7 years) were measured. Their average body mass index (BMI) was 21.1±2.61 kg/m².Outcome measuresA pressure measuring platform was used to measure the weight distribution and postural sway in habitual standing. Median, tolerance range and CI were calculated.ResultsHeight, weight and BMI are comparable to the average young German female population. The load distribution between right and left foot was 49.91%:50.09%. The forefoot was less loaded than the rear foot (33.3%:66.67%). The right rear foot carried most of the body weight (34.34%). The average body sway was 9.50 mm in the frontal and 13.00 mm in the sagittal plane.ConclusionsStandard values for the postural control of the women aged 21–30 years correlate with the already collected data of healthy subjects and can therefore be described as representative. The standard values enable diagnosing and treating impaired balance.

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35Recent evidence for a significant interference of microcrystalline hydroxapatite (HAP) 36 particles with re-and demineralisation processes at the tooth-biofilm interface sug-37 gested, that they may be promising candidates for efficacious caries prevention. 38This multicenter randomized controlled non-inferiority trial evaluated the impact of the 39 2 x daily use of a HAP dentifrice without fluoride on the progression of enamel caries 40 in adolescent caries-risk patients subjected to orthodontic therapy, with a fluoridated 41AmF/SnF dentifrice serving as a positive control. Primary study outcome was the 42 occurrence of enamel caries lesions ≥ ICDAS (International Caries Detection and 43Assessment System) code 1 around orthodontic brackets on the vestibular surfaces 44 of teeth 15-25 within the 168 days observation period. Secondary study outcomes 45were the occurrence of enamel caries lesion ≥ ICDAS code 2, Plaque Index (PlI) and 46Gingival Index (GI). Out of 150 recruited patients, 147 were included in the intent to 47 treat analysis (ITT); 133 finished the study per protocol (PP). PP data analysis 48 revealed the occurrence of enamel caries ≥ ICDAS code 1 in 54.7% of the HAP 49 group patients compared to 60.9% of the fluoride control. In the ITT analysis the 50 corresponding numbers were 56.8% (HAP) and 61.6% (control). Non-inferiority 51 testing of the ITT as well as the PP data set proved that the caries preventive efficacy 52 of the HAP dentifrice was not inferior to the protection provided by the fluoridated 53 AmF/SnF control. Regarding all assessed secondary outcomes (enamel caries ≥ 54 ICDAS code 2, GI, PlI) no significant differences between both experimental groups 55 were observed. Within the restraints set by design and study population of this trial 56 microcrystalline HAP as ingredient of toothpaste may thus be regarded a promising 57 supplement to fluorides in clinical caries prevention (ClinicalTrials.gov: 58 NCT02705456). 59 the next scheduled visit. At day 28 the sequence of recording PlI, GI and ICDAS II 131 scores was repeated as described for visit 2. As an additional caries-preventive 132 measure, teeth 15-25 were disinfected with a topically applied 1% chlorhexidine 133 (CHX) gel. Toothpaste tubes supplied at visit 2 were taken back and a new supply for 134 the next 4 weeks handed over. At day 56 (visit 4) oral hygiene was reinstructed and 135