Urbanization is currently one the most important causes of biodiversity loss. The Colombian Andes is a well-known hotspot for biodiversity, however, it also exhibit high levels of urbanization, making it a useful site to document how species assemblages respond to habitat transformation. To do this, we compared the structure and composition of bird assemblages between rural and urban habitats in Armenia, a medium sized city located in the Central Andes of Colombia. In addition, we examined the influence of urban characteristics on bird species diversity within the city of Armenia. From September 2016 to February 2017 we performed avian surveys in 76 cells (250 x 250 m each) embedded within Armenia city limits; and in 23 cells (250 x 250 m each) in rural areas around Armenia. We found that bird diversity was significantly lower in urban habitats than in rural habitats, and differed in species composition by 29%. In urban cells, with higher abiotic noise intensity and higher impervious surface area, we found lower bird diversity than that in urban cells with higher guadual ( Guadua angustifolia patches), and forested surface areas. We did not find segregation of urban cells according to the species composition, although additional bird surveys inside urban forests remnant are needed to be more conclusive about this aspect. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of green areas embedded within cities to conserve bird diversity through reducing the ecological impact of urbanization on avian biodiversity.
Citation/Citar este artículo como: Guerrero-Peláez S. Registro de dos especies de loros (Psittacidae) e híbrido en zonas rurales y urbanas de Armenia, Quindío, Colombia. Acta biol. Colomb. 2016;21(3):653-656. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/abc.v21n3.55546 RESUMENLa naturalización de especies no nativas ha sido bien documentada en zonas templadas, pero poco se sabe sobre las regiones tropicales. Entender el proceso de expansión de rango geográfico de especies generaría estrategias de manejo y conservación. En esta nota se documenta la presencia de Ara macao y Amazona ochrocephala, así como el primer registro de un híbrido en estado salvaje en las zonas urbanas y rurales del departamento del Quindío (Andes centrales) de Colombia. Por medio de observación directa se logró identificar una alta capacidad de adaptación de la especie A. macao e híbrido a las condiciones rurales y urbanas de las zonas bajas del departamento entre los municipios de Armenia y la Tebaida. Se observaron varios individuos de A. ochrocephala las cuales se catalogaron como aves errantes. En total se reportan 17 especies de psitácidos dentro del departamento del Quindío. Se recalca la importancia de la presencia de estas aves no nativas en ecosistemas donde no habitan naturalmente por sus posibles implicaciones al cambiar la composición de la avifauna nativa, así como se incentiva el monitoreo para futuros planes de manejo y conservación.Palabras clave: composición de aves, ecosistemas urbanos, especies no nativas, naturalización. ABSTRACTThe naturalization of non-native species has been well documented in temperate zones, but little is known about tropical regions. Understanding the process of expanding geographic range of species generated management and conservation strategies. In this note is documented the presence of Ara macao and Amazona ochrocephala, and the first record of a hybrid in the wild in urban and rural areas of the department of Quindío, Central Andes of Colombia. Through direct observation it was possible to identify a high adaptability of the species A. macao and hybrid to the rural and urban conditions of low-lying areas of the department between the municipalities of Armenia and Tebaida. Several individuals of A. ochrocephala which were categorized as wandering birds were observed. A total 17 species of parrots in the department of Quindío are reported. The importance of the presence of these non-native birds in ecosystems where naturally inhabit its possible implications to changing the composition of the native avifauna is emphasized, as well as monitoring for future conservation and management plans are encouraged.
Table S2. Autocorrelations among five habitat characteristics for the urban habitat (upper table) and six characteristics for the rural habitat (lower table). In both tables, values below the diagonal corresponds to Pearson correlations, and values above the diagonal corresponds to pvalues. Statistically significant relationships at α ≤ 0.05 are indicated with an asterisk (*) and bold font. Urban habitatGuadual area Impervious areaDistance to city boundary
Research on urban biodiversity has primarily addressed the effects of urbanization and human activity synergistically as it has been virtually impossible to dissociate their impact on city wildlife. However, the anthropause resulting from COVID–19 lockdowns provided an unprecedented scenario to study the relative role of human activity on avian communities. Here we provide evidence of the relationships between human activity and bird species richness in urban areas of Colombia during its strict and subsequent relaxed lockdowns. Once the strict lockdown was lifted and human activity increased, avian species richness decreased by 32 % in 46 % of our sampling sites. Although the strict lockdown lasted only six weeks, local assemblages (mainly from low–intensity urbanization peri–urban sites) swiftly became more diverse. Our findings highlight the importance of taking human activity into account when planning cities, with important focus on greenspaces, if our aim is to conserve and enhance urban biodiversity. Such plans will require not only the cooperation of local governments but also greater awareness among the local population regarding the importance of creating livable, healthy, biodiverse, and resilient cities.
This study quantified the structure and composition of birds’ assemblages in the land covers of the inner part and the edge of a mature montane forest, using methodologies based on true diversity and sampling coverage in the Important Bird Area (IBA) site called the Natural Reserve La Patasola, located in Central Andes of Colombia. The study recorded 80 bird species with four of them in a threat category. There was no dependency of the trophic guild on the habitat type, showing that bird guilds distribute heterogeneously, also indicating the potential resource availability for every group of birds in both habitats. Alpha diversity was slightly higher for the edge of the forest; however, both communities showed similar levels of equitability and dominance even when they did not share many species. The differences in species composition were probably due to a dominant species turnover process, which is probably explained by the strong ability of birds to disperse, not being affected by barriers (as some other vertebrate groups), and to find the appropriate habitats in a region. Furthermore, it is evidence of potentially reduced risk concerning the local extinction of species, and the main value for birds’ conservation, which is an important attribute to consider in management plans for birds of sensible ecosystems in the montane forest of the Colombian Andes.
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