We report on an experiment with perovskite and organic solar cells on board of a rocket flight, reaching satellite altitudes for the first time. The electrical characterization during flight demonstrated in situ their functionality and power generation under space conditions. Perovskite and organic solar cells exceeded power densities of 14 and 7 mW cm À2 , respectively, highlighting their potential for an application in space.

Printing of active layers of high-efficiency organic solar cells and morphology control by processing with varying solvent additive concentrations are important to realize realworld use of bulk-heterojunction photovoltaics as it enables both up-scaling and optimization of the device performance. In this work, active layers of the conjugated polymer with benzodithiophene units PBDB-T-SF and the nonfullerene small molecule acceptor IT-4F are printed using meniscus guided slot-die coating. 1,8-Diiodooctane (DIO) is added to optimize the power conversion efficiency (PCE). The effect on the inner nanostructure and surface morphology of the material is studied for different solvent additive concentrations with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Optical properties are studied with photoluminescence (PL), UV/vis absorption spectroscopy, and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements and correlated to the corresponding PCEs. The addition of 0.25 vol % DIO enhances the average PCE from 3.5 to 7.9%, whereas at higher concentrations the positive effect is less pronounced. A solar cell performance of 8.95% is obtained for the best printed device processed with an optimum solvent additive concentration. Thus, with the largescale preparation method printing similarly well working solar cells can be realized as with the spin-coating method.

Spray coating is employed to fabricate magnetic thin films composed of the diblock copolymer polystyrene‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized with hydrophobic coatings. The kinetics of structure formation of the hybrid films is followed in situ with grazing incidence small angle X‐ray scattering during the spray deposition. To gain a better understanding of the influence of MNPs on the overall structure formation, the pure polymer film is also deposited as a reference via an identical spray protocol. At the initial spraying stage, the hybrid film (containing 2 wt% of MNPs) exhibits a faster formation process of a complete film as compared to the reference. The existence of MNPs depresses the dewetting behavior of polymer films on the substrate at macroscale and simultaneously alters the polymer microphase separation structure orientation from parallel to vertical. As spraying proceeds, MNPs aggregate into agglomerates with increasing sizes. After the spray deposition is finished, both samples gradually reach an equilibrium state and magnetic films with stable structures are achieved in the end. Superconducting quantum interference device investigation reveals the superparamagnetic property of the sprayed hybrid film. Consequently, potential application of sprayed films in fields such as magnetic sensors or data storage appears highly promising.

The development of polymer morphology and crystallinity of printed bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films doped with the different solvent additives 1,8‐diiodooctane (DIO) or diphenyl ether (DPE) is investigated with in situ grazing‐incidence small/wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. The solvent additives, having different boiling points, lead to a different film drying behavior and morphology growth states in the BHJ films of the benzothiadiazole‐based polymer (PPDT2FBT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). The phase demixing in the printed films is changing over time along with solvent evaporation. Polymer domains start aggregating to form larger domains in the liquid–liquid phase, while phase separation mainly occurs in the liquid–solid phase. The present work provides a profound insight into the morphology development of printed BHJ films doped with different solvent additives, which is particularly important for the large‐scale fabrication of organic photovoltaics.

Abstract. Quenched metastable In 3 SbTe 2 was investigated by X-ray and neutron powder diffraction as well as by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The average structure corresponds to the rocksalt type, the anion position being occupied by antimony and tellurium. Neutron data indicate no antisite disorder of indium and antimony. The compound is a high-temperature phase that can be quenched to yield a metastable compound at ambient temperature which, upon heating, decomposes at ca. 320°C into InSb and InTe. Diffuse scattering in reconstructed X-ray and selected area electron diffraction patterns indicates local

Printing of active layers for high‐efficiency organic solar cells with the slot‐die coating technique can overcome the challenge of upscaling, which will be needed for organic photovoltaics on its way to marketability. The morphology of a bulk‐heterojunction organic solar cell has a very high impact on its power conversion efficiency. Therefore, it is of particular importance to understand the mechanisms of structure formation during printing of active layers to enable further optimization of the solar cell performance and upscaling of the production process. Meniscus‐guided slot‐die coating of the blend of a low bandgap conjugated polymer donor with benzodithiophene units PBDB‐T‐SF and the nonfullerene small molecule acceptor IT‐4F is studied in situ with optical microscopy, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and grazing incidence small angle X‐ray scattering. The structure formation is followed from the liquid to the final dry film state. Thereby, five regimes of morphology formation are determined. The morphological evolution in the printed active layer is correlated to changing optical properties of the thin film. In the final dry film, polymer domains of several tens of nanometers are observed, which will be favorable for application in high‐efficiency organic solar cells.

The amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-block-polyethylene oxide is combined with sol-gel chemistry to control the structure formation of blade-coated foam-like titania thin films. The influence of evaporation time before immersion into a poor solvent bath and polarity of the poor solvent bath are studied. Resulting morphological changes are quantified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements. SEM images surface structures while GISAXS accesses inner film structures. Due to the correlation of evaporation time and mobility of the polymer template during the phase separation process, a decrease in the distances of neighboring titania nanostructures from 50 nm to 22 nm is achieved. Furthermore, through an increase of polarity of an immersion bath the energetic incompatibility of the hydrophobic block and the solvent can be enhanced, leading to an increase of titania nanostructure distances from 35 nm to 55 nm. Thus, a simple approach is presented to control titania nanostructure in foam-like films prepared via blade coating, which enables an easy upscaling of film preparation.

Ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) diblock copolymers (DBCs) have emerged as a promising template for fabricating large-sized nanostructures. Therefore, it is of high significance to systematically study the influence of film thickness and solvent vapor annealing (SVA) on the structure evolution of UHMW DBC thin films. In this work, spin coating of an asymmetric linear UHMW polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) DBC is used to fabricate thin films, which are spherically structured with an inter-domain distance larger than 150 nm. To enhance the polymer chain mobility and facilitate approaching equilibrium nanostructures, SVA is utilized as a post-treatment of the spin coated films. With increasing film thickness, a local hexagonal packing of PMMA half-spheres on the surface can be obtained, and the order is improved at larger thickness, as determined by grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Additionally, the films with locally hexagonal packed half-spherical morphology show a poor order-order-poor order transition upon SVA, indicating the realization of ordered structure using suitable SVA parameters.