Carmen reis. Genealogical relations and lexical distances within the tupí linguistic family: a lexicostatistical and phylogenetic approach. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, v. 10, n. 2, p. 229-274, maioago. 2015 Abstract: in this paper we present the first results of the application of computational methods, inspired by the ideas in McMahon & McMahon (2005), to a dataset collected from languages of every branch of the tupian family (including all living non-tupí-Guaraní languages) in order to produce a classification of the family based on lexical distance. We used both a swadesh list (with historically stabler terms) and a list of animal and plant names for results comparison. in addition, we also selected more (HiHi) and less (LoLo) stable terms from the swadesh list to form sublists for indepedent treatment. We compared the resulting neighbornet networks and neighbor-joining cladograms and drew conclusions about their significance for the current understanding of the classification of tupian languages. one important result is the lack of support for the currently discussed idea of an Eastern-Western division within tupí.Keywords: tupian family. distance-based methods. Historical linguistics. internal classification. Lexical sublists.Resumo: neste trabalho, apresentamos os primeiros resultados da aplicação de métodos comparativos computacionais, inspirados nas ideias de McMahon & McMahon (2005), a um conjunto de dados de línguas de todos os ramos da família tupí (incluindo-se todas as línguas não-tupí-Guaraní ainda vivas), com o intuito de produzir uma classificação da família com base em distância lexical. Usamos uma lista de swadesh (composta por termos historicamente mais estáveis) e uma lista de nomes de plantas e animais para comparação de resultados. Além disso, também selecionamos os termos mais (HiHi) e menos (LoLo) estáveis da lista de swadesh para formar sublistas para tratamento independente. Comparamos as redes neighbornet e os cladogramas neighbor-joining resultantes, derivando conclusões sobre o seu impacto na compreensão atual da classificação das línguas tupí. Um importante resultado é a falta de apoio para a ideia, atualmente em discussão, da existência de uma divisão leste-oeste dentro da família.Palavras-chave: família tupí. Métodos de distância. Linguística histórica. Classificação interna. sublistas lexicais.
New language technologies are coming, thanks to the huge and competing private investment fuelling rapid progress; we can either understand and foresee their effects, or be taken by surprise and spend our time trying to catch up. This report scketches out some transformative new technologies that are likely to fundamentally change our use of language. Some of these may feel unrealistically futuristic or far-fetched, but a central purpose of this report - and the wider LITHME network - is to illustrate that these are mostly just the logical development and maturation of technologies currently in prototype. But will everyone benefit from all these shiny new gadgets? Throughout this report we emphasise a range of groups who will be disadvantaged and issues of inequality. Important issues of security and privacy will accompany new language technologies. A further caution is to re-emphasise the current limitations of AI. Looking ahead, we see many intriguing opportunities and new capabilities, but a range of other uncertainties and inequalities. New devices will enable new ways to talk, to translate, to remember, and to learn. But advances in technology will reproduce existing inequalities among those who cannot afford these devices, among the world’s smaller languages, and especially for sign language. Debates over privacy and security will flare and crackle with every new immersive gadget. We will move together into this curious new world with a mix of excitement and apprehension - reacting, debating, sharing and disagreeing as we always do. Plug in, as the human-machine era dawns.
This paper presents a succinct reconstruction of the segmental phonology of Proto-Maweti-Guarani, the hypothetical protolanguage from which modern Mawe, Aweti and the Tupi-Guarani branches of the Tupi linguistic family have evolved. Based on about 300 cognate sets from the authors' field data (for Mawe and Aweti) and from Mello's reconstruction (2000) for Proto-Tupi-Guarani (with additional information from other works; and with a few changes concerning certain doubtful features, such as the status of stem-final lenis consonants *r and *ß, and the distinction of *c and *č ), the consonants and vowels of Proto-Maweti-Guarani were reconstructed with the help of the traditional historical-comparative method. The development of the reconstructed segments is then traced from the protolanguage to each of the modern branches. A comparison with other claims made about Proto-Maweti-Guarani is given in the conclusion.
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