Summary Predicting the temperature of an exposed object or even a person is one of the most common tasks of fire safety engineering. However, the nonlinear nature of heat transfer and the challenge of changing material properties with temperature have plagued precise predictions. In addition, as methodologies are developed, one of the biggest challenges is to apply them to known scenarios where temperatures and heat fluxes have been measured. The interpretations of such measurements are, however, often clouded by the lack of common understanding of the reported values and how they shall be translated into boundary conditions to be used for calculations. This technical comment summarizes the Fundamental Principles that are crucial to properly identifying the fire exposure so that appropriate temperature predictions can be made.
Public reporting burden for this coliection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this coliection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware ttiat notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of Infomnation if it does not display a cun-ently valid OIVIB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)March 31 SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Office of Naval Research 800 North Quincy Street Arlington, VA 22217-5660 SPONSOR / MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SPONSOR / MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES*Hughes Associates, Inc., 3610 Commerce Drive, Baltimore, MD flTT Industries Advanced Engineering and Sciences Division, Alexandria, VA ABSTRACTThere currently exists a number of computational tools for examining the effects of a fire that can be applied to a ship and its crew. One could use hand calculations for examining simple scenarios in single compartments. Simple rules can be used to extend this approach to multiple compartments. Zone models are suitable for examining somewhat more complex, time-dependent scenarios involving multiple compartments and levels, but stability can be a problem for multi-level scenarios with Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, and for postflashover conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models can yield detailed information about temperatures, heat fluxes, and species concentrations; however, the time penalty of this approach currently makes using CFD unfeasible for long periods of real time or large computational domains. There is another class of models that have traditionally played supporting roles in fire modeling. This class is constituted by a variety of network models, which are used for ventilation systems in buildings or fluid flow in piping networks. These models, however, lack specific physics required for fire modeUng. To meet the computational speed and algorithm requirements, it was decided to develop Fire and Smoke Simulator (FSSM) as a network fire model. This document (Theory Manual) describes the equations solved, and the solution algorithm for the heat and mass transfer along with the equations and algorithms for FSSIM sub-models. SUBJECT TERMS
A model which describes the physical processes of upward flame spread and f r e growth on wall materials has been developed and implemented as a computer program. The computerbased flame spread model simulates the f i e growth along a vertical combustible wall. The vertical wall material may be heated by an imposed external heat flux and is ignited at its bottomedge with a flame from a line burner of user specified strength. The model predicts the flame spread rate, the heat release rate of the fure, the flame height, the net heat flux to the wall surface, and the time varying surface temperature. The model uses inputs developed from cone calorimeter data. The results from the model compare favorably to upward flame spread experimental results for PMMA, plywood, and vinyl-esterlglass composite found in the literature.
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