Grape growing regions are facing constant warming of the growing season temperature as well as limitations on ground water pumping used for irrigating to overcome water deficits. Trellis systems are utilized to optimize grapevine production, physiology, and berry chemistry. This study aimed to compare 6 trellis systems with 3 levels of applied water amounts based on different replacements of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) in two consecutive seasons. The treatments included a vertical shoot position (VSP), two modified VSPs (VSP60 and VSP80), a single high wire (SH), a high quadrilateral (HQ), and a Guyot pruned VSP (GY) combined with 25%, 50%, and 100% ETc water replacement. The SH had greater yields, whereas HQ was slower to reach full production potential. At harvest in both years, the accumulation of anthocyanin derivatives was enhanced in SH, whereas VSPs decreased them. As crown porosity increased (mostly VSPs), berry flavonol concentration and likewise molar % of quercetin in berries increased. Conversely, as leaf area increased, total flavonol concentration and molar % of quercetin decreased, indicating a preferential arrangement of leaf area along the canopy for overexposure of grape berry with VSP types. The irrigation treatments revealed linear trends for components of yield, where greater applied water resulted in larger berry size and likewise greater yield. 25% ETc was able to increase berry anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations. Overall, this study evidenced the efficiency of trellis systems for optimizing production and berry composition in Californian climate, also, the feasibility of using flavonols as the indicator of canopy architecture.
Background and Aims: Re-vegetation of contaminated and disturbed landscapes can reduce the transport of toxic elements while improving soil fertility. This study evaluated whether the planting of a perennial grass with diazotrophic microbial endophytes and municipal waste compost—alone and in combination—improved phytostabilization of potentially toxic trace elements in dolomite-amended tailings from a historically mined polymetallic mineral deposit.Methods We grew Bouteloua curtipendula seedlings in tailings with hazardous concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Mn, and Zn. We evaluated how plant growth, organic matter accumulation, and minor and trace element mobilization responded to microbial endophyte and organic amendments.Results Although most of the added endophytes were not uniquely identified, the best plant growth and fertility outcomes were achieved with a combination of amendments: dolomite to reduce acidity, a compost topdressing to accumulate nitrogen in the tailings, and a mixed consortium endophyte seed coating to synergistically increase organic carbon and grass biomass yields. Combining amendments also improved phytostabilization: compost reduced the shoot forage toxicity of B. curtipendula seedlings without reducing phytostabilized contaminant yields in the rhizosphere, while endophyte inoculated grass marginally reduced total and water-extractable concentrations of toxic trace elements through enhanced mobilization.Conclusion The most effective means of reclaiming these acidic, polymetallic tailings is with a simultaneous dolomite, compost, and endophyte seed treatment.
Seasonal management of plant water status and the accompanying physiological responses are critical aspects of viticultural production. Presently, grapevine (Vitis vinifera, L.) water status is measured via in-season measurements of stem water potential or post-season analysis of must carbon isotope ratios, with the former limited by reliance on laborious measurements and the latter providing information post-season. Therefore, there is a gap in reliable, real-time measurements of plant water status. Technological advances in surface renewal measurement in vineyards have provided an economical and reliable method for measuring actual evapotranspiration of a vineyard. This experiment utilized surface renewal calculations to derive a novel index of grapevine water stress, the Priestly-Taylor index (β-index), and related it to measurements of stem water potential, leaf-gas exchange, and must carbon isotopes from three vineyards with differing irrigation strategies over two growing seasons. The sensible heat flux, latent heat flux and net radiation varied across these vineyards and affected the actual vineyard evapotranspiration measured. Likewise, the β-index was different across these vineyards and ranged from 1.7 to 2.1 in the Sacramento Valley of California to 0.5 to 1.2 in the Napa Valley of California. The β-index was related to stem water potential, net carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance (r2 = 0.42, r2 = 0.45, r2 = 0.33, respectively). Results indicated that the β-index was an indicator of real-time vineyard water status and a proxy for physiological responses in vineyards. The coupling of atmospheric controls on evapotranspiration with plant physiological responses makes β a powerful tool for irrigation management in large scale agrosytems.
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