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Passive Coherent Location (PCL) is a developing radar field, in which the system processes reflections from opportunistic illumination sources in the environment for detection and tracking. Many developments and improvements of PCL implement pseudo-monostatic and bistatic radar configurations; however, with the proliferation of commercial communication systems, the spectrally dense environment proves to be in favor of a multistatic PCL system. In the multistatic case, it can be shown that geolocation of a target is a unique extension of multilateration algorithms. In multilateration, the receiver location is unknown and calculated by exploiting the intersections of distances from receiver to transmitters; in multistatic PCL, an object location is unknown and the intersection of transmitter distance to receiver and reflection distance to receiver are utilized. Multilateration is a well-studied topic where there are many developed techniques that can be applied after the reflection distance is derived with ray tracing principles.The framework for a time-of-arrival based multistatic PCL is provided using time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) as a measure of propagation time and path length. A nonlinear multilateration solver using a least means square algorithm calculates the geolocation of the object within a tolerable error. Using a frequency modulated (FM) test signal, simulated results show comparable results to a bistatic PCL system using angular measurements for geolocation. Furthermore, a multistatic multilateration system is more tolerant to timing errors compared to a bistatic system with angular inaccuracy. The developed multistatic PCL system is realized and verified using an FM signal.

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