The spreading pattern of injected solution in US-CRB could be partially affected by the injectant volume. However, further studies are needed to assess the importance of other factors, such as needle position and physiological effects.

In recent years, the incidence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients with cirrhosis has increased; the thrombosis ranges from asymptomatic partial to complete occlusion. Treatment is difficult. Anticoagulation therapy may be the optimal first-line treatment for patients with acute PVT who lack variceal bleeding or mesenteric ischemia. Minimally invasive treatment options include mechanical thrombectomy, chemical thrombolysis, and stent placement. However, the effectiveness and timing of anticoagulation and interventional therapies remain unclear.

BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) has been known to accelerate bone healing. Many cells and molecules have been investigated but the exact mechanism is still unknown. We aimed to investigate the effect of TBI on fracture healing regarding accelerated hematoma formation.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated patients who were surgically treated for lower leg fractures and who showed secondary bone healing. Patients with and without TBI were divided for comparative analyses. Radiological parameters were time to bridging callus formation and the largest callus ratio during follow-up. Preoperative levels of complete blood count and chemical battery within 3 days from trauma were measured in all patients. Subgroup division regarding age, gender, open fracture, concomitant fracture and severity of TBI were compared.ResultsWe included 48 patients with a mean age of 44.9 (range, 17 – 78), of whom 35 patients (72.9%) were male. There were 12 patients with TBI (Group 1) and 36 patients without TBI (Group 2). Group 1 showed shorter time to callus formation (P < 0.001), thicker callus ratio (P = 0.015), leukocytosis and lymphocytosis (P ≤ 0.028), and lower red blood cell counts (RBCs), hemoglobin, and hematocrit (P < 0.001). Aging and severity of TBI were correlated with time to callus formation and callus ratio (P ≤ 0.003) while gender, open fracture, and concomitant fracture were unremarkable.ConclusionLower leg fractures with TBI showed accelerated bone healing and superior measurements associated with hematoma formation (lymphocytes, RBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit). Promoted fracture healing in TBI was correlated with the enhanced proinflammatory state.Level of Evidence: Case control study; III