Greenhouse experiments were conducted at Wooster, OH, during 2010 and 2011 growing seasons to evaluate the responses of five wine grape cultivars to sublethal doses of 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate, and the 'Riesling' grape to mixtures of 2,4-D plus glyphosate and dicamba plus glyphosate. Treatments were made using a spray system calibrated to deliver 0.757 L min À1 at 276 kPa and 4.8 km h À1. Herbicides were delivered through 8002 flat spray nozzles and applied at 1/30, 1/100, and 1/300 of the recommended field rate of 840, 560, and 840 g ae ha À1 for 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate, respectively. Injury was observed in all treatments 7 d after treatment (DAT). However, injury symptoms greater than 10% were observed 42 DAT in plants treated with 2,4-D at all rates and plants treated with dicamba at the two highest rates. Injury (35%) at 357 DAT was noted only in plants treated with the highest rate of 2,4-D. French hybrids showed slightly less injury symptoms compared with wine grapes at 7 and 42 DAT. Shoot length reduction in plants treated with 2,4-D at the highest rate was 43, 84, and 16% at 7, 42, and 357 DAT, respectively. Glyphosate caused the fewest injury symptoms in Riesling compared with 2,4-D and dicamba when applied separately or tank mixed with glyphosate. Shoot length reduction in Riesling was observed 42 DAT with all rates of 2,4-D, with and without glyphosate and dicamba, and dicamba plus glyphosate at the highest rate; however, at 357 DAT, no effect was observed in shoot length. Spray drift of 2,4-D and dicamba can severely injure grapes, with injury increasing with increased exposure. The combination of 2,4-D plus glyphosate caused greater injury and shoot length reduction in grapes than glyphosate applied alone. Nomenclature: 2,4-D; dicamba; glyphosate; wine grape, Vitis vinifera L. 'Riesling', 'Chardonnay', 'Chardonel', 'Traminette', 'Vidal blanc'. Key words: Crop injury, herbicide drift.Experimentos de invernadero fueron realizados en Wooster, Ohio, durante las temporadas de crecimiento 2010 y 2011, para evaluar la respuesta de cinco cultivares de uva para vino a dosis subletales de 2,4-D, dicamba, y glyphosate, y de la uva 'Riesling' a mezclas de 2,4-D más glyphosate y dicamba más glyphosate. Los tratamientos fueron realizados usando un sistema de aspersión calibrado para liberar 0.757 L min À1 a 276 kPa y 4.8 km h À1 . Los herbicidas fueron asperjados mediante una boquilla de abanico plana 8002 a 1/30, 1/100, y 1/300 de las dosis recomendadas de campo de 840, 560, y 840 g ae ha À1 para 2,4-D, dicamba, y glyphosate, respectivamente. Se observó daño en todos los tratamientos 7 d después del tratamiento (DAT). Sin embargo, los síntomas de daño superiores a 10% fueron observados 42 DAT en plantas tratadas con 2,4-D con todas las dosis y plantas tratadas con dicamba con las dos dosis más altas. El daño (35%) 357 DAT se notó solamente en plantas tratadas con la dosis más alta de 2,4-D. Los híbridos franceses mostraron síntomas de daño ligeramente menores al compararse con uvas para vino a 7 y 4...
Natural rubber (NR) is currently sourced from a single species Hevea brasiliensis, which is primarily grown in Southeast Asia and Africa. The Taraxacum kok-saghyz (L.E. Rodin) (TK) plant, which grows in temperate climates and has NR in its roots, has been identified as an additional source for NR in the future. A major challenge to TK becoming a crop is direct seeding. This paper presents research on determining strategies for improving establishment of TK through direct seeding. Field trials were conducted in 2014 and 2015 in Ohio on a Wooster silt loam soil (2.4–2.9% OM) using “wild” TK seed. The study evaluated the impacts of different planting dates (April and May), planter types (broadcasting raw seed and drilling pelleted seed), companion crops, and compost mulch strips on plant stands (i.e., visible TK plant/TK seed drop). Results indicated that drilling of pelleted seed to a depth of 0.6 cm into a thin layer (<1.27 cm) of compost mulch after soil temperatures reach 16 °C (mid-May in Northern Ohio) would give the highest stand by the fall harvest season. These studies provide insight into direct seeding of TK and a baseline to use for evaluating future generations of TK.
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