Previous studies have shown that bizarre and common images produce equivalent levels of recall in unmixed-list designs. Using unmixed lists, we tested the view that bizarre images would be less susceptible than common images to common sources of interference. In all experiments, subjects imaged a list of either bizarre or common sentences and then performed some kind of interfering task before recalling the initial list of sentences. Experiment 1 showed that bizarre images were better accessed than common images after imaging an intervening list of common sentences. Also, components of common images tended to be better recalled than those of bizarre images after imaging an intervening list of bizarre sentences. Experiments 2a and 2b showed that interfering tasks consisting of studying lists of common concrete nouns did not differentially affect memory for bizarre and common images. In Experiment 3, labeling and imaging an interfering list of common pictures produced higher recall of bizarre images. Generally, bizarre images appeared to be less susceptible than common images to interference from certain types of common encodings. Importantly, the superior recall of bizarre images was always due to greater image (sentence) access, whereas higher recall of common images was associated with greater recovery of the image (sentence) constituents. Explanation of the precise pattern of results requires consideration of the distinctive properties of bizarre images.
The need for such a working group was clear. Within the context of the United States Army, through the institution of CALL, lessons learned had grown to encompass a significant body of institutional knowledge, knowledge that contributed significantly to the operational, organizational, and intellectual effectiveness of the Army on a daily basis. In the countries of the former Warsaw Pact and Soviet Union, the need to learn from their own experience, as well as from a common, shared experience across the Partnership, was perhaps even greater. For the greater part of the 1990s, partner countries had engaged in a variety of collaborative activities and exercises with U.S. and other NATO forces. Many had begun the process of transforming their armed forces and modernizing their institutions and equipment to meet new security challenges and opportunities. The forces of many partner countries participated in contingency operations in Europe and around the world alongside those of NATO, but there existed no mechanism to capture and disseminate what was learned from these experiences across the Partnership. The Lessons Learned Working Group, established by CALL at the Second Annual Conference of the Consortium held in Sofia, Bulgaria, had as its goal the establishment of such a mechanism to collect and disseminate the common experiences of partner nations for the benefit of all.
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