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This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest.RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. iii Support RAND PrefaceTo understand the importance of the U.S.-Japan alliance against the backdrop of a rapidly changing international environment in the Asia-Pacific, RAND convened a conference in early 2017 focused on the use of gray zone coercion in the maritime, cyber, and space domains. The conference brought together leading U.S. and Japanese experts to unearth areas of shared understanding and divergence in thinking on the two sides of the Pacific when it comes to dealing with Chinese efforts to reshape the international order through coercion designed to fall below the level that would invoke a treaty response under the U.S.-Japan alliance. The conference found numerous opportunities for the allies to collaborate in improving shared understandings, reducing ambiguities that China can exploit, stigmatizing gray zone coercion, hardening defenses, and preparing to impose costs. Although it will not be easy to deter gray zone coercion in the maritime, cyber, and space domains, the allies face strong incentives to improve their coordination and strengthen deterrence now, before China or other actors change the status quo at the expense of Washington and Tokyo.