We characterized 102 kb of chromosome 19 containing the apolipoprotein (APO) E/C1/C4/C2 cluster and two flanking genes for common DNA variants associated with plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level. DNA variants were identified by comparing sequences of 48 haploid hybrid cell lines. We genotyped participants (1943 Whites and 2046 African-Americans) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study for 115 variants. After controlling for the effects of the APOE epsilon2/3/4 polymorphism, a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs35136575, in the downstream hepatic control region 2 (HCR-2) was associated with LDL-C in Caucasians (P = 0.0004), accounting for 1% of variation. We genotyped rs35136575 in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort (3679 African-Americans and 10 427 Whites) and in the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) sibships (1381 African-Americans in 592 sibships, 1116 Caucasians in 503 sibships and 1378 Mexican-Americans in 416 sibships), finding association with LDL-C level in ARIC Caucasians (P = 0.0064). Lower plasma LDL-C was observed with the rare allele. Plasma apoE level was strongly associated with HCR-2 variant genotype in all three GENOA samples (P = 0.002), indicating an effect on apoE concentration. Patterns of association for plasma apo A-I, apoB, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels with rs35136575 in the population-based samples evaluated in this study suggest a pleiotropic effect that may be context-dependent.
Throughout the 1990s, many art museums began to struggle with the questions of how and where to integrate interpretive technologies into exhibits and galleries. While early adopters have continued to expand and revise their interpretive technology initiatives, the demands of the Internet and the tighter economics of the second millennium have prevented all but a minority of others from continuing to research and experiment with computer–based interpretive technologies in their galleries. Because of the interrupted evolution of the field, recent advances in technology, and significant changes in audience expectations, there is a growing need for current research in this area of interactive interpretive media in the museum environment. This paper examines recent testing and evaluations of gallery–based interpretive media projects produced by four major art museums and concludes with a summary of findings and recommendations for future research and program development.
Personal digital collections systems, which encourage visitors to museum websites to create their own personal collections out of a museum’s online collections, are the latest trend in personalization technologies for museums and other cultural heritage organizations. This chapter explores the development, implementation, and evaluation of different types of personal digital collection interfaces on museum websites, from simple bookmarking applications to sophisticated tools that support high levels of interactivity and the sharing of collections. It examines the potential impact of these interfaces on the relationship between museums and their online visitors, explores the possible benefits of involving users as co-creators of digital cultural heritage, and offers an analysis of future research directions and best practices for system design, presenting lessons learned from more than a decade of design and development of personal digital collections systems on museum websites.
In the past decade writers and researchers have given a fair amount of consideration to the individual adult visitor’s interaction with technology in museums. However, very little has been written about the potential of museum technology and groups of learners—surprising since we know that most visitors come to museums in social groups. This article examines the kinds of interaction and mediated experiences that groups of learners might have with museum technology, and imagines some models for groups of learners and technology for museums in the future.
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